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X“source.ŽŸ§Ó‘!GThis–pÃsection“givš²!es“a“terse“o˜v˜erview“of‘pÂthe“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“programs“that“are“commonly“a˜v‘ÿdDailableŽ¡‘G(see–¦falso“Chapter“28“[Command“line“in²!terface],“page“261).ަ‘GâlatexŽ¡‘Gpdflatex‘ Ó£áIn–‘5T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X‘‘4Liv²!e“(âhttps://tug.org/texliveá),‘È¥if“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X›‘4is“in•²!v“ok“ed–‘5via“either˜the“sys-Ž¡‘Kâ:tem–9Mcommand“âlatex“áor“âpdflatexá,‘^then“the“pMÞdfT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“engine“is“run“(âhttps://Ž¡‘Kâ:ctan.org/pkg/pdftexá).‘ò^When›Wæin•²!v“ok“ed˜as–Wçâlatexá,‘„Fthe˜main˜output˜is“a˜â.dviŽ¡‘Kâ:á le;–¦fas“âpdflatexá,“the“main“output“is“a“â.pdf“á le.ŽŸ§Ó‘Kâ:p•MÞdfT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›ôjincorp“orates–ôithe˜e-T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“extensions˜to“Kn²!uth's˜original“programŽ¡‘Kâ:(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/etexá),‘]]including–Ÿ-additional‘Ÿ,programming“featuresŽŽŒ‹eiŸò‘GáChapter–¦f2:‘ÝÝOv²!erview“of“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X’Gu4ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Kâ:and–bi-directional‘tš²!ypMÞesetting,‘«and“has“plen˜t˜y›of“extensions“of˜its“o²!wn.‘í¶e-T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B Xޤ 33‘Kâ:is–ë£aš²!v‘ÿdDailable“on‘ë¤its“o˜wn“as“the›ë¤system“command“âetexá,‘<òbut“this˜is“plain“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Kâ:(and–¦fproMÞduces“â.dviá).ŽŸ¨©‘Kâ:In–4Àother›4ÁT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“distributions,‘XWâlatex“áma•²!y˜in“v“ok“e–4Àe-T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“rather˜than“pMÞdfT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.‘ˆìInŽ¡‘Kâ:an²!y–†case,‘Œùthe“e-T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›†žextensions“can˜bMÞe“assumed“to˜bMÞe“a²!v‘ÿdDailable˜in“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,‘Œùand“aŽ¡‘Kâ:few–¦fextensions“bMÞey²!ond“e-T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,“particularly“for“ le“manipulation.Ž©‘Gâlualatex‘ Ó£áIf–ú˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›ú—is“in•²!v“ok“ed–ú˜via˜the“system“command˜âlualatexá,‘O¤the˜LuaT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“engineŽ¡‘Kâ:is–ñrun“(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/luatexá).‘½þThis“program‘ñallo²!ws“coMÞde“writtenŽ¡‘Kâ:in–Ohthe›Ogscripting“language˜Lua“(âhttp://luatex.orgá)˜to“in²!teract˜with“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X'sŽ¡‘Kâ:t²!ypšMÞesetting.‘´ÂLuaT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–+handles‘+UTF-8“Unico˜de“input–+nativ²!ely‘ÿe,‘C¿can“handle‘+Op˜en-Ž¡‘Kâ:T•²!ypšMÞe‘*;and‘*›¦f(in•²!v“erted˜question˜mark,˜Uâ+á00BF)Ž¡‘G(F‘ÿeor–”the›”f-ligatures“abMÞo•²!v“e,‘Ïpthe–”text“in˜parenš²!theses“sho˜ws“the‘”individual“c˜haracters,‘Ïpso“inޤ 33‘Gthe–$¥tš²!ypMÞeset‘$¦output“y˜ou“can›$¦easily“see˜the“di erence“bMÞet•²!w“een˜the–$¥ligature“and˜the“originalŽ¡‘Gc²!haracter‘¦fsequence.)Ž©ár‘!GNo•²!w“ada“ys–ê=it's“usually“pšMÞossible“to“directly‘êpublishers‘û=ha“v“e˜a˜pac“k‘ÿdDage‘û=that˜allo“ws˜authors–û=to˜format˜papMÞers“to˜thatŽ¡‘Gpublisher's‘¦fspMÞeci cations.ަ‘!GIn–}±addition“to“its“massivš²!e“holdings,‘…Õthe“âctan.org“áw˜eb“site“o ers“features“suc˜h“as“searc˜hŽ¡‘Gbš²!y–¦fname“or“b˜y“functionalit˜y‘ÿe.ŽŽŒ‹ ³ýŸò‘GáChapter–¦f2:‘ÝÝOv²!erview“of“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X’Gu9ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GCT‘ÿeAN‘`is–`Ínot“a“single“host,‘fbut“instead“is“a›`Ìset“of“hosts,‘gone˜of“whic²!h“is“the“so-calledޤ 33‘G\master".‘z'The–{Dmaster“host“activš²!ely“manages“the‘{Cmaterial,‘·for“instance,‘·b˜y“accepting“uploadsŽ¡‘Gof– ¹new‘ ¸or“upMÞdated“pacš²!k‘ÿdDages.‘©£F‘ÿeor“man˜y“y˜ears,‘)it“has“bMÞeen‘ ¸hosted“b˜y“the“German‘ ¸T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“group,Ž¡‘GD²!ANTE‘¦fe.V.ŽŸ33‘!GOther–sŸsites›sžaround“the“w²!orld˜help“out˜b²!y“mirroring,–}Çthat˜is,“automatically˜syncing‘sŸtheirŽ¡‘Gcollections–¼éwith›¼êthe“master˜site“and˜then“in˜turn“making˜their“copies˜publicly“a²!v‘ÿdDailable.Ž¡‘GThis–‡+giv²!es“users‘‡*close“to“their“lošMÞcation“b˜etter›‡*access“and“reliev²!es“the“load˜on“the“masterŽ¡‘Gsite.‘ÝÝThe–¦flist“of“mirrors“is“at“âhttps://ctan.org/mirrorsá.ŽŽŒ‹ ãŸò’¸¼Ëá10ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ3‘ ¸QDo‘Š=cumen‘ÿuÂt‘z³classesŽŽŸr‘GáThe–¾‘doMÞcumenš²!t's“o˜v˜erall›¾class“is“de ned“with˜the“â\documentclass“ácommand,‘Ä›whic²!h“is“nor-ޤ 33‘Gmally–¦fthe“ rst“command“in“a“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“source“ le.ŽŸûÙ‘.ùœâ\documentclass[èoptionsâ]{èclassâ}ŽŸûÚ‘!GáThe›OXfollo•²!wing‘OYdoMÞcumen“t˜åclass‘ÂÚánames‘OYare˜built˜in“to‘OYLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.‘ÀØMan“y˜other‘OYdoMÞcumen“t˜classesŽ¡‘Gare–¦faš²!v‘ÿdDailable“as“separate“pac˜k‘ÿdDages“(see“Chapter“2“[Ov˜erview],“page“2).ީđGâarticle‘“MáF‘ÿeor–¦fa“journal“article,“a“presen²!tation,“and“miscellaneous“general“use.ŽŸÄ€‘Gâbook‘"ÒKáF‘ÿeull-length›R[b•MÞo“oks,‘c*including‘R\c²!hapters˜and˜p“ossibly˜including‘R\fron•²!t˜matter,‘c*suc“hŽ¡‘Kâ:as–å³a‘å²preface,› =and“bac²!k“matter,˜suc²!h“as›å²an“appMÞendix“(see“Chapter˜25“[F‘ÿeron•²!t/bac“kŽ¡‘Kâ:matter],–¦fpage“235).ަ‘Gâletter‘R÷áMail,–¦foptionally“including“mailing“labMÞels“(see“Chapter“26“[Letters],“page“249).ŽŸÄ€‘Gâreport‘R÷áF‘ÿeor–ÀÂdošMÞcumen²!ts‘ÀÃof“length“b˜et•²!w“een–ÀÂan›ÀÃâarticle“áand“a˜âbooká,‘Xsuc²!h˜as“tec²!hnicalŽ¡‘Kâ:repMÞorts–¦for“theses,“whicš²!h“ma˜y“con˜tain“sev˜eral“c˜hapters.ަ‘Gâslides‘R÷áF‘ÿeor–Ùslide“presenš²!tations|rarely‘Úused“no˜w˜ada˜ys.‘ 6The“âbeamer‘Úápac˜k‘ÿdDage“is“pMÞer-Ž¡‘Kâ:haps–³Fthe“most“prev‘ÿdDalenš²!t“replacemen˜t“(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/beamerá).‘}SeeŽ¡‘Kâ:Section–ÄpA.1“[bšMÞeamer“template],‘ òpage“266,‘ ófor“a“small“template“for“a“b˜eamerŽ¡‘Kâ:doMÞcumen²!t.ŽŸÄ€‘!GStandard–¦fåoptions‘èáare“describMÞed“in“the“next“section.ŽŸ‘L‘Gëc3.1‘™Dos3cumenŒÌt–f@class“optionsŽŽŸ33‘GáY‘ÿeou–e®can›e¯spMÞecify“åglobal˜options‘Ù0áor“åclass˜options‘Ù0áto“the˜â\documentclass“ácommand˜b²!y“en-Ž¡‘Gclosing–SÛthem“in“square“brac•²!k“ets.‘æThisަ‘Gallo•²!ws›¦fy“ou˜to˜create˜commands˜that˜users˜will˜not˜acciden“tally˜rede ne.ޤr°‘!GIt–¹µis›¹´also“highly˜desirable“to“pre x˜class-“or“pac²!k‘ÿdDage-spMÞeci c˜commands“with˜yš²!our“pac˜k‘ÿdDageަ‘Gname–Ô}or“similar“string,‘þyto“prev•²!en“t›Ô}y“our˜de nitions˜from˜clashing˜with˜those˜from˜other˜pac“k-ަ‘Gages.‘ž@F‘ÿeor–çinstance,‘ ºthe“class‘çâsmcmemo“ámighš²!t“ha˜v˜e“commands“â\smc@tolistá,‘ ºâ\smc@fromlistá,ަ‘Getc.ŽŸ?~‘Gëm3.3.1‘d(Class–íMand“pac–ák‘ÿ-Âage“structureŽŽŸ³3‘GáA–¦fclass“ le“or“pacš²!k‘ÿdDage“ le“t˜ypically“has“four“parts.Ž¡‘-1.Ž‘'¿«In–*Ãthe“åidenš²!ti cation“partá,‘‹Ùthe“ le“sa˜ys“that“it“is“a“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X‘*Âpac˜k‘ÿdDage“or“class“and“de-ަ‘'¿«scribMÞes–rÅitself,‘}using›rÄthe“â\NeedsTeXFormat˜áand“â\ProvidesClass˜áor“â\ProvidesPackageަ‘'¿«ácommands.ޤRò‘-2.Ž‘'¿«The–±åpreliminary›²declarations“part‘Ú±ádeclares“some˜commands“and“can“also˜load“otherަ‘'¿« les.‘Ñ Usually–íthese›ìcommands“will“bMÞe“those˜needed“for“the˜coMÞde“used“in“the˜next“part.ަ‘'¿«F‘ÿeor–Á²example,‘ïpan“âsmcmemo›Á³áclass“migh²!t“bMÞe“called˜with“an“option“to˜read“in“a“ le˜with“a“listަ‘'¿«of– pMÞeople“for“the‘ to-head,›0ƒas“â\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}á,˜and“therefore“needsަ‘'¿«to–^de ne“a“command‘]â\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}“áused“in“that“ le.Ž¡‘-3.Ž‘'¿«In–-½the›-¼åhandle“options˜part‘j½áthe“class˜or“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“declares˜and“proMÞcesses˜its“options.ަ‘'¿«Class–options“allo²!w›a“user“to“start“their˜doMÞcumen²!t“as“â\documentclass[èoptionŽŽŒ‹ ß?Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f3:‘ÝÝDoMÞcumen²!t“classes’±?13ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘'¿«èlistâ]{èclass‘¦fnameâ}á,‘&jto‘ÙœmošMÞdify–Ùthe“b˜eha²!vior›Ùœof“the“class.‘w€An“example“is˜when“y²!ouޤ 33‘'¿«declare–¦fâ\documentclass[11pt]{article}“áto“set“the“default“doMÞcumenš²!t“fon˜t“size.Ž©33‘-4.Ž‘'¿«Finally‘ÿe,‘¬in–Ô8the“åmore“declarations“part‘8áthe‘Ô7class“or“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“usually“doMÞes“most“of“itsŽ¡‘'¿«wš²!ork:‘ÝÝdeclaring–¦fnew“v‘ÿdDariables,“commands“and“fon˜ts,“and“loading“other“ les.ŽŸ33‘!GHere–gâis“a“starting“class“ le,‘tcwhicš²!h“should“bMÞe“sa˜v˜ed“as“âstub.cls“áwhere“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“can“ nd“it,Ž¡‘Gfor–¦fexample“in“the“same“directory“as“the“â.tex“á le.ަ‘.ùœâ\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}Ž¡‘.ùœ\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06–¿ªstub“to“start“building“classes“from]Ž¡‘.ùœ\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\ProcessOptions\relaxŽ¡‘.ùœ\LoadClass{article}ަ‘GáIt–šËiden²!ti es“itself,‘ÐQhandles“the“class›šÌoptions“via“the“default˜of“passing“them“all˜to“the“âarticleŽ¡‘Gáclass,–¦fand“then“loads“the“âarticle“áclass“to“pro²!vide“the“basis“for“this“class's“coMÞde.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–ÅEmore,‘Lûsee“the“ocial“guide“for“class›ÅDand“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“writers,‘Lüthe“Class˜Guide,‘LüatŽ¡‘Gâhttps://ctan.org/pkg/clsguide›”_á(m•²!uc“h–”^of˜the“description˜here“deriv²!es˜from“this˜doMÞcu-Ž¡‘Gmen²!t),–¦for“the“tutorial“at“âhttps://tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdfá.ަ‘!GSee–æèSection›æç12.14“[Class“and˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage“commands],–÷page˜126,“for–æèsome“of˜the“commandsŽ¡‘GspMÞeci cally–¦finš²!tended“for“class“and“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“writers.ŽŽŒ‹ïôŸò’¸¼Ëá14ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ4‘ ¸QF‘þaGon‘ÿuÂtsŽŽŸÀ‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–ÕFcomes“with“pMÞo•²!w“erful›ÕGfon“t–ÕFcapacities.‘˜(F‘ÿeor“one“thing,‘ÿits“New˜F‘ÿeonš²!t“Selection“Sc˜heme“al-ޤ 33‘Glo•²!ws›Øây“ou˜to˜w“ork˜easily˜with˜the˜fon“t˜families˜in˜y“our˜doMÞcumen“t˜(for˜instance,‘ýsee˜Section˜4.2Ž¡‘G[F‘ÿeon•²!t›€£st“yles],–ˆ1page˜20).‘ÑFAnd,“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜doMÞcumen•²!ts˜can˜use˜most‘€¤fon“ts˜that˜are˜a“v‘ÿdDailable˜toMÞda“y‘ÿe,Ž¡‘Gincluding–êvš²!ersions“of“Times“Roman,–®Helv˜etica,“Courier,“etc.‘Ÿ(Note,“though,“that–êman˜y“fon˜tsŽ¡‘Gdo–¦fnot“ha•²!v“e–¦fsuppMÞort“for“mathematics.)ŽŸµÂ‘!GThe–·” rst“tš²!ypMÞeface“in“the“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“w˜orld“w˜as“the“Computer“MoMÞdern“family‘ÿe,‘ûßdev˜elopMÞed“b˜yŽ¡‘GDonald–=mKnš²!uth.‘ºßIt“is“the“default“for“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B 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X“engines],“page“3).ަ‘!GThe–¼hLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“F‘ÿeonš²!t“Catalogue‘¼g(âhttps://tug.org/FontCatalogueá)“sho˜ws“fon˜t“sampleŽ¡‘Ggraphics–}¦and›}¥cop²!y-and-pasteable“source˜to“use“man•²!y˜fon“ts,‘³uincluding‘}¦man“y˜with‘}¦suppMÞortŽ¡‘Gfor–òãmathematics.‘ÃRIt“aims›òâto“co•²!v“er˜all–òãLatin˜alphabMÞet“free˜fonš²!ts“a˜v‘ÿdDailable›òâfor“easy˜use“withŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.ŽŸµÂ‘!GMore–¶®information“is›¶­also“a²!v‘ÿdDailable“from“the˜T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“Users“Group,‘ú¿at“âhttps://www.tug.Ž¡‘Gorg/fonts/á.ŽŸ ‘Gëc4.1‘™ëgfontenc‘f@ëcpacŒÌk‘ÿ™ageŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage[èfont_encodingâ]{fontenc}ŽŸµÂ‘!Gáorަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage[èfont_encoding1â,–¿ªèfont_encoding2â,“...]{fontenc}ަ‘!GáSpšMÞecify–Äthe“fon²!t“enco˜dings.‘6÷A‘Äfon²!t“enco˜ding“is“a“mapping‘Äof“the“c²!haracter“co˜des“to“theŽ¡‘Gfonš²!t–¦fglyphs“that“are“used“to“t˜ypMÞeset“y˜our“output.ަ‘!GThis–=4pac²!k‘ÿdDage›=5only“applies˜if“y²!ou˜use“the“âpdflatex˜áengine“(see˜Section“2.3˜[T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B 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XŽŽŒ‹öŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f4:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeon²!ts’T›15ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gwill–hš²!yphenate“them“and“y˜our“output‘žcan“bMÞe“copied“and“pasted.‘ÖE(The“optional“second“lineޤ 33‘Gallo•²!ws›¦fy“ou˜to˜directly˜en“ter˜accen“ted˜c“haracters˜in“to˜y“our˜source˜ le.)Ž©Í‘!GIf–ÝÊyš²!ou“are“using“an‘ÝÉencoMÞding“suc˜h“as“âT1“áand“the“c˜haracters“appMÞear‘ÝÉblurry“or“do“notŽ¡‘Gmagnify–»wš²!ell‘ºthen“y˜our‘ºfon˜ts“ma˜y‘ºbšMÞe“bitmapp˜ed,‘,sometimes›ºcalled“raster˜or“T²!ypMÞe˜3.‘ÛY‘ÿeouŽ¡‘Gw•²!an“t›Ùãv“ector˜fon“ts.‘xUUse˜a˜pac“k‘ÿdDage˜suc“h˜as˜âlmodern˜áor˜âcm-super˜áto‘Ùäget˜a˜fon“t˜that˜extendsŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's–¦fdefault“using“vš²!ector“fon˜ts.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–þeacš²!h“åfon˜t‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘ÑtencoMÞding‘ágiv˜en“as“an“option‘ýbut“not“already“declared,‘ªbthis“pac˜k‘ÿdDageŽ¡‘Gloads–¿Ðthe“encoMÞding‘¿Ñde nition“ les,‘ )named“èfont_encodingâenc.defá.‘*It“also“setsŽ¡‘Gâ\encodingdefault–¦fáto“bšMÞe“the“last“enco˜ding“in“the“option“list.ަ‘!GThese–¦fare“the“common“v‘ÿdDalues“for“åfon²!t‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘ÑtencoMÞding‘ðá:ޤg‘GâOT1‘(‘õáThe–¦foriginal“7-bit“encoMÞding“for“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.‘ÝÝLimited“to“mostly“English“c²!haracters.ŽŸf‘GâOMS,–¦fOML‘ ìçáMath“sym²!bšMÞols“and“math“letters“enco˜ding.Ž¡‘GâT1‘.QŸáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–i.text“extended.‘&6Sometimes“called“the“Cork“encoMÞding‘i/for“the“users“groupޤ 33‘Kâ:meeting–„Ìwhere“it“w•²!as‘„Ëdev“elopMÞed›„Ì(1990).‘}UGiv“es˜access‘„Ëto˜most˜EuropMÞean˜accen“tedŽ¡‘Kâ:cš²!haracters.‘ÝÝThe–¦fmost“common“option“for“this“pac˜k‘ÿdDage.ޤg‘GâTS1‘(‘õáT‘ÿeext–¦fCompanion“encoMÞding.Ž¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's–¦fdefault“is“to“load“âOMLá,“âT1á,“âOT1á,“and“then“âOMSá,“and“set“the“default“to“âOT1á.ަ‘!GEv•²!en›wùif‘wúy“ou˜do˜not˜use‘wúaccen“ted˜letters,‘By“ou‘wúma“y˜need˜to‘wúspMÞecify˜a˜fon“t˜encoMÞding‘wúif˜y“ourޤ 33‘Gfon²!t–¦frequires“it.ަ‘!GIf–oyš²!ou‘puse“âT1“áencoMÞded“fon˜ts›pother“than“the˜default“Computer“MoMÞdern“family˜then“y²!ouŽ¡‘Gma²!y–gÖneed›g×to“load“the˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage“that˜selects“yš²!our“fon˜ts‘g×bMÞefore“loading“âfontencá,‘˜3to“prev˜en˜tŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fsystem“from“loading“anš²!y“âT1“áencoMÞded“fon˜ts“from“the“default.ަ‘!GThe–‰fLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›‰eteam“reserv²!es˜encoMÞding“names˜starting“with:‘£Ü`âTá'˜for“the˜standard“text˜en-Ž¡‘GcoMÞdings–bwith“256“cš²!haracters,‘``âTSá'“for“sym˜bšMÞols“that“extend“the“corresp˜onding“T‘Ienco˜dings,Ž¡‘G`âXá'–˜for“test“encošMÞdings,‘ä`âMá'“for“standard‘™math“enco˜dings“with“256“c²!haracters,‘ä`âAá'“for“sp˜ecialŽ¡‘Gapplications,›É`âOTá'–_for“standard‘`text“encoMÞdings“with“128“c²!haracters,˜and‘``âOMá'“for“standardŽ¡‘Gmath–¦fencoMÞdings“with“128“c²!haracters“(`âOá'“stands“for“`âobsoleteá').ަ‘!GThis›¤®pac•²!k‘ÿdDage‘¤­pro“vides˜a˜n“um“b•MÞer˜of‘¤­commands,‘$?detailed˜b“elo•²!w.‘ Ø´Man“y˜of‘¤­them˜areŽ¡‘Genco•MÞding-sp“eci c,‘OÈso‘-éif–-èyš²!ou“ha˜v˜e“de ned“a“command“that“w˜orks‘-éfor“one“encoMÞding“but“theŽ¡‘Gcurrenš²!t–¦fencoMÞding“is“di eren˜t“then“the“command“is“not“in“e ect.ŽŸÓ3‘Gëm4.1.1‘d(ëp\DeclareFontEncodingŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareFontEncoding{èencodingâ}{ètext-settingsâ}{èmath-settingsâ}ަ‘!GáDeclare–A‡the›A†fon²!t“enco•MÞding˜åenco“dingá.‘¯?It˜also‘A‡sa•²!v“es˜the–A‡v‘ÿdDalue˜of“åencoMÞding‘ 1žáinŽ¡‘Gâ\LastDeclaredEncoding–¦fá(see“Section“4.1.10“[â\áLastDeclaredEncoMÞding],“page“19).ަ‘!GThe–¦f le“ât1enc.def“áconš²!tains“this“line“(follo˜w˜ed“b˜y“man˜y“others).ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{}ަ‘!GáThe–I­åtext-settings‘½0áare“the›I®commands“that˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“run˜ev²!ery“time˜it“switc²!hes˜from“oneŽ¡‘GencoMÞding–Õuto›Õtanother“with˜the“â\selectfont“áand˜â\fontencoding“ácommands.‘kThe“åmath-Ž¡‘Gsettings‘»áare›«:the–«9commands“that“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜will“use“whenev²!er“the˜fon²!t“is“accessed“as˜a“mathŽ¡‘GalphabMÞet.ŽŽŒ‹wŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f4:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeon²!ts’T›16ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–µÓignores›µÔan²!y“space˜cš²!haracters“inside“åtext-settings‘)Váand“åmath-settingsá,‘ù¯to“prev˜en˜tޤ 33‘Gunin²!tended–¦fspaces“in“the“output.Ž©ò‘!GIf›-y•²!ou‘,in“v“en“t˜an‘,encoMÞding˜y“ou‘,should˜pic“k˜a‘,t“w“o˜or–,three˜letter“name˜starting“with˜`âLá'Ž¡‘Gfor–¦f`âlocalá',“or“`âEá'“for“`âexperimentalá'.ŽŸñ‘!GNote–f‹that“output‘fŒencošMÞding“ les“ma²!y“b˜e‘fŒread“sevš²!eral“times“b˜y‘fŒLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“so“using,‘Ö”e.g.,Ž¡‘Gâ\newcommand–œ©áma²!y›œ¨cause“an˜error.‘À¥In˜addition,‘Ú9suc²!h˜ les“should˜con²!tain“â\ProvidesFileŽ¡‘Gáline–¦f(see“Section“12.14“[Class“and“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“commands],“page“126).ަ‘!GNote–P also›P that“y²!ou“should“use˜the“â\...Default“ácommands˜only“in“a˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘aOnot˜in“theŽ¡‘GencošMÞding–2Þde nition“ les,‘Uüsince“those‘2Ý les“should“only“con²!tain“declarations“sp˜eci c“to“thatŽ¡‘GencoMÞding.ŽŸÅ}‘Gëm4.1.2‘d(ëp\DeclareTextAccentŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸñ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextAccent{ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}{èslotâ}ަ‘!GáDe ne–¾¸an“accen²!t,›Íto“bMÞe“put‘¾¹on“top“of“other“glyphs,˜in“the“enco•MÞding‘¾¹åenco“ding‘®Ðáat‘¾¸theŽ¡‘GloMÞcation‘¦fåslotá.ŽŸñ‘!GA–¦fåslot‘ãfáis“the“n•²!um“bMÞer›¦fiden“tifying˜a˜glyph˜within˜a˜fon“t.ަ‘!GThis–ê|line›ê}from“ât1enc.def˜ádeclares“that“to˜mak²!e“a“circum ex˜accen²!t“as˜in“â\^Aá,Ž¡‘Gthe–>system›?will“put“the“accen²!t˜in“slot“2“o•²!v“er˜the–>`âAá'“c•²!haracter,‘«ówhic“h˜is‘>represen“tedŽ¡‘Gin–ôrASCIMÞI‘ó˜as“65.‘È(This›ôqholds“unless“there˜is“a“relev‘ÿdDan²!t˜âDeclareTextComposite“áorŽ¡‘Gâ\DeclareTextCompositeCommand–Vádeclaration;‘­Ösee“Section“4.1.6“[â\áDeclareT‘ÿeextCompMÞosite],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f18.)ŽŸñ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}ަ‘!GáIf–ÿyåcmd‘mÊáhas“already›ÿxbMÞeen“de ned“then˜â\DeclareTextAccent“ádoMÞes“not˜giv²!e“an˜error“butŽ¡‘Git–¦fdoMÞes“log“the“rede nition“in“the“transcript“ le.ŽŸÅ}‘Gëm4.1.3‘d(ëp\DeclareTextAccentDefaultŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸñ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}ަ‘!GáIf–h-there›h.is“an“enco•MÞding-sp“eci c˜accen²!t–h-command“â\åcmd‘Ö€ábut“there“is˜no“assoMÞciatedŽ¡‘Gâ\DeclareTextAccent–›ñáfor“that››ðencoMÞding“then“this“command˜will“pic²!k“up“the˜slac•²!k,‘Sb“yŽ¡‘Gsa²!ying–¦fto“use“it“as“describšMÞed“for“åenco˜dingá.ŽŸñ‘!GF‘ÿeor–Ðüexample,‘ûªto“mak²!e“the“encošMÞding“âOT1“áb˜e‘Ðûthe“default“enco˜ding“for“the“accen²!t‘Ðûâ\"á,‘û«declareŽ¡‘Gthis.ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1}ŽŸñ‘GáIf–|·y²!ou›|¶issue“a“â\"˜áwhen“the“curren²!t˜encošMÞding“do˜es›|¶not“ha•²!v“e–|·a˜de nition“for“that˜accen²!t“thenŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fwill“use“the“de nition“from“âOT1ަ‘!GáThat–­[is,‘¯this“command“is“equiv‘ÿdDalenš²!t“to“this‘­Zcall“(see“Section“4.1.11“[â\áUseT‘ÿeextSym˜bMÞol“&Ž¡‘Gâ\áUseT‘ÿeextAccen²!t],–¦fpage“19).ŽŸñ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\ècmdâ}Ž¡‘@8š{\UseTextAccent{èencodingâ}{\ècmdâ}{#1}}ަ‘!GáNote–³éthat“â\DeclareTextAccentDefault“áwš²!orks“for‘³èan˜y“one-argumen˜t“âfontenc“ácom-Ž¡‘Gmand,–¦fnot“just“the“accen²!t“command.ŽŽŒ‹{Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f4:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeon²!ts’T›17ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm4.1.4‘d(ëp\DeclareTextCommand–íMëm&“ëp\ProvideTextCommandŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:Ž©ª«‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextCommand{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}{èdefnâ}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\DeclareTextCommand{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefn}Ž¡‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextCommand{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}ަ‘!Gáor–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\ProvideTextCommand{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\ProvideTextCommand{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\ProvideTextCommand{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}ަ‘!GáDe ne–Ÿâthe“command›Ÿáâ\ècmdá,‘¡0whic²!h“will˜bšMÞe“sp˜eci c“to“one‘Ÿáenco˜ding.‘Û±The“command“nameŽ¡‘Gåcmd‘2¼ámš²!ust–ÄjbMÞe‘Äipreceded“b˜y“a“bac˜kslash,‘ñœâ\á.‘’‰These“commands“can“only“appMÞear‘Äiin“the“pream˜ble.Ž¡‘GRede ning–ŸÈâ\åcmd‘ádoMÞes“not“cause“an›ŸÉerror.‘Û¨The“de ned“command˜will“bMÞe“robust“ev²!en˜if“theŽ¡‘GcoMÞde–¦fin“ådefn“áis“fragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŸªª‘!GF‘ÿeor–¦fexample,“the“ le“ât1enc.def“ácon²!tains“this“line.ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char–¿ª24“}ަ‘!GáWith–¦fthat,“y²!ou“can“express“parts“pMÞer“thousand.ަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}‘ T%–¿ªin“preambleŽ¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœLegal–¿ªlimit“is“\(“0.8“\)\textperthousand.ަ‘GáIf›öƒy•²!ou‘ö‚c“hange˜the‘ö‚fon“t˜encoMÞding–ö‚to˜âOT1“áthen˜y²!ou“get˜an“error˜lik²!e“`âLaTeX–¦fError:“CommandŽ¡‘G\textperthousand–¦funavailable“in“encoding“OT1á'.ަ‘!GThe–Àâ\ProvideTextCommand“áv‘ÿdDarian²!t‘ÁdošMÞes“the“same,‘,—except“that“it“do˜es‘Ánothing“if“â\ècmdŽ¡‘Gáis–&åalready›&äde ned.‘_YThe“â\DeclareTextSymbol“ácommand˜is“faster˜than“this“one˜for“simpleŽ¡‘Gslot-to-glyph–¦fassošMÞciation“(see“Section“4.1.8“[â\áDeclareT‘ÿeextSym²!b˜ol],“page“18)ަ‘!GThe–Dyoptional“ånargs‘·ûáand“åoptargdefault‘yáargumenš²!ts“pla˜y“the“same“role“here“as“inŽ¡‘Gâ\newcommand–+á(see›,Section“12.1˜[â\ánewš²!command“&“â\árenew˜command],‘yœpage‘,113).‘ ?-Brie y‘ÿe,Ž¡‘Gånargs‘:áis›Æan–Æ‚in²!teger“from“0˜to“9“spMÞecifying“the˜n•²!um“bMÞer–Æ‚of“argumen²!ts“that˜the“de nedŽ¡‘Gcommand–‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtob‘›»ject›ááshould–¤bMÞe“a“single‘¤c²!haracter“or“a“single“command.‘ÝThe“åslot˜áargumen²!t“is“usuallyŽ¡‘Ga›%9pMÞositiv•²!e‘%8in“teger˜represen“ted˜in˜decimal–%8(although˜oMÞctal˜or˜hexadecimal“are˜pMÞossible).‘²ÎNor-Ž¡‘Gmally–¡@â\åcmd‘’áhas“already“bšMÞeen“declared“for“this“enco˜ding,‘¢Heither“with“â\DeclareTextAccentŽ¡‘Gáor–÷with›öa“one-argumen²!t˜â\DeclareTextCommandá.‘>In“ât1enc.defá,‘9[the˜abMÞo•²!v“e‘÷line˜follo“ws‘÷theŽ¡‘Gâ\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}‘¦fácommand.ŽŸÝ‘Gëm4.1.7‘d(ëp\DeclareTextCompositeCommandŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}{èargâ}{ècodeâ}ަ‘!GáA‘VBmore–VWgeneral›VVv²!ersion“of“â\DeclareTextComposite˜áthat“runs˜arbitrary“coMÞde˜with“â\ècmdá.ަ‘!GThis–¦falloš²!ws“accen˜ts“on“`âiá'“to“act“lik˜e“accen˜ts“on“dotless“i,“â\iá.ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\ }{OT1}{i}{\ \i}ަ‘!GáSee–rÈSection›rÇ4.1“[fon•²!tenc˜pac“k‘ÿdDage],–¥àpage˜14,“for˜a–rÈlist˜of“common˜encoMÞdings.‘CNormallyŽ¡‘Gâ\ècmd›M€áwill‘Mha•²!v“e˜already–MbMÞeen˜declared˜with“â\DeclareTextAccent˜áor“as˜a“one˜argumen²!tŽ¡‘Gâ\DeclareTextCommandá.ŽŸÝ‘Gëm4.1.8‘d(ëp\DeclareTextSymbolŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextSymbol{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}{èslotâ}ަ‘!GáDe ne–Ö”a‘Ö•sym²!bšMÞol“in“the“enco˜ding‘Ö•åenco˜ding‘Ƭáat“the“lo˜cation–Ö•åslotá.‘ngSym²!b˜ols“de ned–Ö”in“thisŽ¡‘Gw•²!a“y–¦fare“for“use“in“text,“not“mathematics.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–Lèexample,‘v‡this“line›Lçfrom“ât1enc.def“ádeclares˜the“n•²!um“bMÞer˜of–Lèthe“glyph˜to“use˜for“ó{$•Hd ó3ecrm1095ë{Ž‘ `]á,Ž¡‘Gthe–¦fleft“guillemet.ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemetleft}{T1}{19}ŽŽŒ‹0PŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f4:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeon²!ts’T›19ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GThe–³€command›³â\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemetleft}{T1}{\char‘¦f19}“áhas“the˜same“ef-ޤ 33‘Gfect–Üþbut“is“slo•²!w“er–Üþ(see‘ÜýSection“4.1.4“[â\áDeclareT›ÿeextCommand“&“â\áPro²!videT˜extCommand],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f17).ŽŸ¢‘!GSee–mfSection“4.1‘me[fonš²!tenc“pac˜k‘ÿdDage],›xÌpage“14,˜for“a“list“of“common‘meencoMÞdings.‘ÊÝThe“åslot‘ªfácanŽ¡‘Gb•MÞe›ssp“eci ed–sin˜decimal,‘}Mor“oMÞctal˜(as˜in“â 023á),‘}Mor˜hexadecimal“(as˜in˜â"13á),‘}Nalthough˜decimalŽ¡‘Ghas–6™the›6˜adv‘ÿdDan²!tage“that“single“quote˜or“double“quote˜could“bMÞe“rede ned“b²!y˜another“pac²!k‘ÿdDage.Ž©¢‘!GIf–Îvâ\ècmd“áhas“already“bšMÞeen“de ned“then‘Îwâ\DeclareTextSymbol“ádo˜es“not“giv²!e“an“error“butŽ¡‘Git–¦fdoMÞes“log“the“rede nition“in“the“transcript“ le.ŽŸo]‘Gëm4.1.9‘d(ëp\DeclareTextSymbolDefaultŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\ècmdâ}{èencodingâ}ŽŸ¢‘!GáIf–^there›^Žis“an˜enco•MÞding-sp“eci c‘^sym²!b“ol˜command–^â\ècmd˜ábut“there˜is“no˜assoMÞciatedŽ¡‘Gâ\DeclareTextSymbol–Sžáfor“that›SencoMÞding,‘¾ëthen“this“command“will“pic²!k˜up“the“slac•²!k,‘¾ëb“yŽ¡‘Gsaš²!ying–¦fto“get“the“sym˜bšMÞol“as“describ˜ed“for“åenco˜dingá.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–4‰example,‘Xto›4ˆdeclare“that˜if“the“curren²!t˜encoMÞding“has˜no“meaning˜for“â\textdollarŽ¡‘Gáthen–¦fuse“the“one“from“âOT1á,“declare“this.ŽŸ¢‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1}ަ‘!GáThat–­[is,‘¯this“command“is“equiv‘ÿdDalenš²!t“to“this‘­Zcall“(see“Section“4.1.11“[â\áUseT‘ÿeextSym˜bMÞol“&Ž¡‘Gâ\áUseT‘ÿeextAccen²!t],–¦fpage“19).ŽŸ¢‘.ùœâ\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\ècmdâ}Ž¡‘@8š{\UseTextSymbol{èencodingâ}{\ècmdâ}}ަ‘!GáNote–rthat›râ\DeclareTextSymbolDefault“ácan˜bMÞe“used˜to“de ne˜a“default˜for“an²!y˜zero-Ž¡‘Gargumen²!t–¦fâfontenc“ácommand.ŽŸo]‘Gëm4.1.10‘d(ëp\LastDeclaredEncodingŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\LastDeclaredEncodingŽŸ¢‘!GáGet–6]the›6\name“of˜the˜most“recen²!tly“declared˜encoMÞding.‘ ÁThe˜â\DeclareFontEncodingŽ¡‘Gácommand–nÙstores›nØthe“name˜so“that˜it“can˜bMÞe“retriev²!ed˜with“this˜command“(see˜Section“4.1.1Ž¡‘G[â\áDeclareF‘ÿeon²!tEncoMÞding],–¦fpage“15).ަ‘!GThis–-relies“on“â\LastDeclaredEncoding“árather“than‘.giv²!e“the“name“of“the“encoMÞding“ex-Ž¡‘Gplicitly‘ÿe.Ž©¢‘.ùœâ\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{}Ž¡‘.ùœ\DeclareTextAccent{\ }{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0}ŽŸo\‘Gëm4.1.11‘d(ëp\UseTextSymbol–íMëm&“ëp\UseTextAccentŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\UseTextSymbol{èencodingâ}{\ècmdâ}ޤ¢‘!Gáor:ަ‘.ùœâ\UseTextAccent{èencodingâ}{\ècmdâ}{ètextâ}Ž¡‘!GáUse–¦fa“symš²!bMÞol“or“accen˜t“not“from“the“curren˜t“encoMÞding.ŽŽŒ‹=HŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f4:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeon²!ts’T›20ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GIn–SÆgeneral,‘dLto›SÅuse“a˜âfontenc“ácommand“in˜an“encoMÞding˜where“it“is˜not“de ned,‘dLand˜if“theŽ© 33‘Gcommand–¦fhas“no“argumenš²!ts,“then“y˜ou“can“use“it“lik˜e“this:ޤŸJ‘.ùœâ\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}Ž¡‘Gáwhic•²!h›:™is‘:šequiv‘ÿdDalen“t˜to˜this–:š(note˜the˜outer“braces˜form˜a“group,‘_¦so˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜revš²!erts“bac˜k‘:™toަ‘Gthe–¦fprior“encoMÞding“after“the“â\ssá):ŽŸŸK‘.ùœâ{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}Ž¡‘!GáSimilarly‘ÿe,‘®’to–¬ïuse›¬ða“âfontenc˜ácommand“in˜an“encoMÞding“where˜it“is˜not“de ned,‘®’and˜if“theަ‘Gcommand–¦fhas“one“argumenš²!t,“y˜ou“can“use“it“lik˜e“this:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\ }{a}Ž¡‘Gáwhicš²!h–¦fis“equiv‘ÿdDalen˜t“to“this“(again“note“the“outer“braces“forming“a“group):Ž¡‘.ùœâ{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ {\fontencoding{èenc_in_useâ}\selectfont‘¿ªa}}Ž¡‘GáHere,‘%âåenc‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ–Ñtin‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ“use‘©iáis– cthe› bencoMÞding“in“force˜bMÞefore“this˜sequence“of“commands,‘%áso“that˜`âaá'“isަ‘Gtš²!ypMÞeset–¦fusing“the“curren˜t“encoMÞding“and“only“the“accen˜t“is“tak˜en“from“âOT1á.ŽŸ¢#‘Gëc4.2‘™F‘þ¦fon•ŒÌt‘f@st“ylesŽŽŸ33‘GáThe–¦ffolloš²!wing“t˜ypMÞe“st˜yle“commands“are“suppMÞorted“b˜y“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.Ž¡‘!GIn–ä´the“table“bMÞelo²!w“the“listed“commands,›4Gthe“â\text...“ácommands,˜are“used“with“anަ‘Gargumen²!t–Ž´as“in“â\textit{ètextâ}á.›€¢This“is“the‘޳preferred“form.˜But“shoš²!wn“after“it“in“paren˜thesisަ‘Gis–Cthe“correspMÞonding“ådeclaration“formá,‘WTwhicš²!h“is“often“useful.‘¼ëThis“form“tak˜es“no“argumen˜ts,ަ‘Gas–-³in›-´â{\itshape‘¦fètextâ}á.‘sÅThe“scopMÞe˜of“the“declaration˜form“lasts˜un²!til“the“next˜tš²!ypMÞe“st˜yleަ‘Gcommand–ù§or“the“end‘ù¦of“the“currenš²!t“group.‘ןIn“addition,‘Nweac˜h‘ù¦has“an“en˜vironmen˜t“formަ‘Gsuc•²!h›as‘â\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}á,‘7°whic“h˜w“e'll–describMÞe˜further˜at“the˜end“of˜theަ‘Gsection.Ž¡‘!GThese–qIcommands,‘¤in“an²!y›qJof“the“three˜forms,‘¤are“cum•²!ulativ“e;‘Ö»for–qIinstance“y²!ou˜can“getަ‘GbMÞold–¦fsans“serif“bš²!y“sa˜ying“either“of“â\sffamily\bfseries“áor“â\bfseries\sffamilyá.ŽŸŸK‘!GOne–¹Âadv‘ÿdDan²!tage›¹Áof“these“commands˜is“that“they˜automatically“insert“italic˜corrections“ifަ‘Gneeded–;a(see“Section‘;`19.9“[â\á/],›PÈpage“192).‘º1SpMÞeci cally‘ÿe,˜they“insert“the‘;`italic“correction“unlessަ‘Gthe›gcfollo•²!wing‘gdc“haracter˜is–gdin˜the˜list“â\nocorrlistá,‘×¢whic•²!h˜b“y–gddefault˜consists“of˜p•MÞerio“dަ‘Gand–?comma.‘§àT‘ÿeo“suppress“the›?automatic“insertion“of“italic˜correction,‘e=use˜â\nocorr“áat“theަ‘Gstart–dor“end›dof“the“command“argumen•²!t,‘q^suc“h–das˜â\textit{\nocorr‘¦ftext}“áor“â\textsc{textަ‘G\nocorr}á.ŽŸÕU‘Gâ\textrm‘¦f(\rmfamily)ަ‘Kâ:áRoman.ŽŸŸK‘Gâ\textit‘¦f(\itshape)ަ‘Kâ:áItalics.ޤŸJ‘Gâ\textmd‘¦f(\mdseries)ަ‘Kâ:áMedium›¦fw•²!eigh“t˜(default).Ž¡‘Gâ\textbf‘¦f(\bfseries)ަ‘Kâ:áBoldface.Ž¡‘Gâ\textup‘¦f(\upshape)ަ‘Kâ:áUprigh²!t‘¦f(default).ŽŽŒ‹HŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f4:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeon²!ts’T›21ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\textsl‘¦f(\slshape)ޤ 33‘Kâ:áSlan²!ted.Ž©þÀ‘Gâ\textsf‘¦f(\sffamily)Ž¡‘Kâ:áSans‘¦fserif.ŽŸþÁ‘Gâ\textsc‘¦f(\scshape)Ž¡‘Kâ:áSmall‘¦fcaps.ަ‘Gâ\texttt‘¦f(\ttfamily)Ž¡‘Kâ:áT²!ypMÞewriter.ŽŸþÁ‘Gâ\textnormal‘¦f(\normalfont)Ž¡‘Kâ:áMain–¦fdoMÞcumenš²!t“fon˜t.ަ‘!GAlthough–3ºit‘3»also“cš²!hanges“fon˜ts,‘Wthe“â\emph{ètextâ}“ácommand“is‘3»seman˜tic,‘Wfor“åtext‘p»áto“bMÞeŽ¡‘Gemphasized,›íand–¾Æshould“not“bMÞe“used“as‘¾Åa“substitute“for“â\textitá.‘¨F‘ÿeor“example,˜â\emph{èstartŽ¡‘Gtext–¦fâ\emph{èmiddle“textâ}“èend“textâ}–XYáwill“result›XXin“the“åstart“text‘•Yáand“åend˜text‘•Yáin“italics,Ž¡‘Gbut–¦fåmiddle“text‘ãfáwill“bMÞe“in“roman.Ž©ú‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–šŸò’¸¼Ëá26ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ5‘ ¸QLa–ÿuÂy“outŽŽŸ‘GáCommands–¦ffor“conš²!trolling“the“general“page“la˜y˜out.ŽŸ놑Gëc5.1‘™ëg\onecolumnŽŽ©33‘GáSynopsis:ޤ(ö‘.ùœâ\onecolumnŽ¡‘!GáStart–±ƒa“new“page›±„and“proMÞduce“single-column“output.‘ÿ4If“the˜doMÞcumenš²!t“is“giv˜en“the“classޤ 33‘Goption–—âonecolumn“áthen“this“is“the“default‘—bšMÞeha²!vior“(see“Section“3.1“[Do˜cumen²!t“class“options],Ž¡‘Gpage–¦f10).‘ÝÝThis“command“is“fragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŸë…‘Gëc5.2‘™ëg\twocolumnŽŽ¦‘GáSynopses:Ž©(ö‘.ùœâ\twocolumnŽ¡‘.ùœ\twocolumn[èprelim–¿ªone“column“textâ]ަ‘!GáStart–N8a“new‘N9page“and“prošMÞduce“t•²!w“o-column–N8output.‘ÕTIf“the“do˜cumenš²!t“is‘N9giv˜en“the“classŽ¡‘Goption–t”âtwocolumn“áthen›t“this“is“the“default˜(see“Section“3.1“[DoMÞcumen²!t“class˜options],‘±¾page“10).Ž¡‘GThis–¦fcommand“is“fragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ަ‘!GIf–É_the“optional“åprelim“one“column“text‘_áargumenš²!t“is“presen˜t,‘Òit“is“t˜ypMÞeset“in“one-columnŽ¡‘Gmo•MÞde›¦fb“efore˜the˜t•²!w“o-column˜t“ypMÞesetting˜starts.ަ‘!GThese–¦fparameters“conš²!trol“t˜ypMÞesetting“in“t˜w˜o-column“output:ŽŸ¸‘Gâ\columnsepŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–Òdistance“bMÞet•²!w“een–Òcolumns.‘—The“default›Òis“35pt.‘—Change˜it“with“a“commandŽ¡‘Kâ:sucš²!h–ñœas“â\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}á.‘¿Y‘ÿeou‘ñ›m˜ust“c˜hange“it“bMÞefore“the“t˜w˜oŽ¡‘Kâ:column–¦fmošMÞde“starts;“in“the“pream²!ble“is“a“go˜o˜d“place.Ž©¹‘Gâ\columnsepruleŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–EÉwidth›EÊof“the˜rule“bMÞet•²!w“een˜columns.‘ ¼The˜default–EÉis˜0pt,‘­¢meaning“thatŽ¡‘Kâ:there–8is›8no“rule.‘¹Otherwise,‘Nthe˜rule“appMÞears“halfw•²!a“y˜bMÞet“w“een‘8the˜t“w“o‘8columns.Ž¡‘Kâ:Change–%Xit›%Wwith“a˜command“suc²!h˜as“â\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}á,Ž¡‘Kâ:bšMÞefore–¦fthe“t•²!w“o-column–¦fmo˜de“starts.ަ‘Gâ\columnwidthŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–è~width›è}of“a“single˜column.‘žIn“one-column“moMÞde˜this“is“equal˜to“â\textwidthá.Ž¡‘Kâ:In›Áƒt•²!w“o-column˜moMÞde‘Á„b“y˜default˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜sets˜the‘Á„width˜of˜eac“h˜of‘Á„the˜t“w“o˜columns,Ž¡‘Kâ:â\columnwidthá,–¦fto“bMÞe“half“of“â\textwidth“ámin²!us“â\columnsepá.ŽŸ¸‘!GIn›‰ma‘‰nt•²!w“o-column˜doMÞcumen“t,‘.the‘‰nstarred˜en“vironmen“ts–‰nâtable*˜áand˜âfigure*“áare˜t•²!w“oŽ¡‘Gcolumns–ÁEwide,‘üwhereas›ÁDthe“unstarred˜en•²!vironmen“ts–ÁEâtable“áand˜âfigure“átak²!e“up˜only“oneŽ¡‘Gcolumn–“(see›“žSection“8.10˜[ gure],›Îëpage“60,˜and›“žsee“Section˜8.22“[table],‘Îëpage˜86).‘¥ƒLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Gplaces–Üæstarred“ oats“at“the“top“of“a‘Üçpage.‘]The“folloš²!wing“parameters“con˜trol“ oat“bMÞeha˜viorŽ¡‘Gof›¦ft•²!w“o-column˜output.ަ‘Gâ\dbltopfractionŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–¢êmaxim²!um“fraction›¢éat“the“top“of˜a“t•²!w“o-column–¢êpage“that˜ma²!y“bšMÞe“o˜ccupiedŽ¡‘Kâ:b•²!y›FUt“w“o-column–FVwide˜ oats.‘ ½¬The˜default“is˜0.7,‘®Qmeaning“that˜the“heigh²!t˜ofŽŽŒ‹‹¯Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f5:‘ÝÝLa•²!y“out’M]×27ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Kâ:a–¨Ðâtable*›¨Ñáor“âfigure*˜áen•²!vironmen“t›¨Ðm“ust˜not‘¨Ñexceed˜â0.7\textheightá.‘åIf˜theޤ 33‘Kâ:heigh•²!t›»yof‘»xy“our˜starred‘»x oat˜en“vironmen“t˜exceeds‘»xthis˜then˜y“ou‘»xcan˜tak“e‘»xone˜ofŽ¡‘Kâ:the–Õ»follo²!wing›Õ¼actions“to˜prev•²!en“t–Õ»it“from˜ oating“all˜the“w•²!a“y–Õ»to˜the“bac²!k˜of“theŽ¡‘Kâ:doMÞcumen²!t:Ž©wx‘TÜËó?!",š ó3 cmsy10ꎑažáUse–ôthe›ôâ[tp]“álo•MÞcation˜sp“eci er–ôto˜tell“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“to˜try“to˜put“the˜bulky“ oatŽ¡‘ažon–¦fa“page“bš²!y“itself,“as“w˜ell“as“at“the“top“of“a“page.ŽŸww‘TÜËꎑažáUse–Øthe“â[t!]“álošMÞcation“sp˜eci er‘Øto“o•²!v“erride–Øthe“e 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oats,‘G^at–'-bšMÞoth“the“top‘',and“b˜ottom“of“the–',page.‘`2The“default–'-is“â12pt‘¦fplus2ptŽ¡‘Kâ:minus2pt–/ áfor›/Ÿa“doMÞcumen²!t“set“at˜â10pt“áor“â11ptá,‘Gaand˜â14pt–¦fplus2pt“minus4pt‘/ áforŽ¡‘Kâ:a–¦fdoMÞcumen²!t“set“at“â12ptá.Ž©»¼‘Gâ\dbltextfloatsepŽ¡‘Kâ:áThis–½Elength›½Dis“the˜distance“bMÞet•²!w“een‘½Ea˜m“ulti-column–½E oat“at˜the“top˜or“bMÞottomŽ¡‘Kâ:of–¦fa“page“and“the“main“text.‘ÝÝThe“default“is“â20pt“plus2pt“minus4ptá.ަ‘Gâ\dbltopnumberŽ¡‘Kâ:áOn–ܶa›ܵ oat“page“of“t•²!w“o-column˜wide–ܶ oats,‘*Ithis“counš²!ter“giv˜es‘ܵthe“maxim˜umŽ¡‘Kâ:n•²!um“bMÞer–¦fof“ oats“allo•²!w“ed–¦fat“the“top“of“the“page.‘ÝÝThe“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“default“is“â2á.ŽŸ‘!GThis–Gpexample“uses“â\twocolumná's“optional“argumen²!t“of“to“create“a“title“that“spans“theŽ¡‘Gt•²!w“o-column‘¦farticle:ŽŸ»¼‘.ùœâ\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{document}Ž¡‘.ùœ\twocolumn[{%–¿ªinside“this“optional“argument“goes“one-column“textŽ¡‘:xð\centeringŽ¡‘:xð\LARGE–¿ªThe“Title“\\[1.5em]Ž¡‘:xð\large–¿ªAuthor“One\authormark{1},Ž¡‘b¶–Author‘¿ªTwo\authormark{2},Ž¡‘b¶–Author–¿ªThree\authormark{1}“\\[1em]Ž¡‘:xð\normalsizeŽ¡‘:xð\begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}Ž¡‘EøD\authormark{1}Department–¿ªone‘ T&\authormark{2}Department“two“\\Ž¡‘K·îSchool–¿ªone‘m9ž&School“twoŽ¡‘:xð\end{tabular}\\[3em]–¿ª%“space“below“title“partŽ¡‘:xð}]ŽŽŒ‹—Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f5:‘ÝÝLa•²!y“out’M]×28ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý®‘.ùœâTwo–¿ªcolumn“text“here.Ž©!h÷‘Gëc5.3‘™ëg\flushbottomŽŽŸ33‘GáMak²!e–ÚMall›ÚNpages“in˜the“doMÞcumen²!t˜after“this˜declaration“ha•²!v“e–ÚMthe˜same“heigh•²!t,‘çHb“y‘ÚMstretc“hingޤ 33‘Gthe–þMv²!ertical“space“where“necessary“to“ ll“out“the“page.‘¥ÕThis“is“most“often“used“when“makingŽ¡‘Gt•²!w“o-sided›¦fdoMÞcumen“ts˜since˜the˜di erences˜in˜facing˜pages˜can˜bMÞe˜glaring.ŽŸ#ב!GIf–´ÛT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“cannot“satisfactorily“stretcš²!h“the“v˜ertical“space“in“a“page“then“y˜ou“get“a“messageŽ¡‘Glik²!e›t¿`âUnderfull–¦f\vbox“(badness“10000)“has“occurred“while“\output“is“activeá'.‘ÍPIf˜y²!ouŽ¡‘Gget–÷that,‘ö[one›øoption“is“to˜c²!hange“to˜â\raggedbottom“á(see“Section˜5.4“[â\áraggedbMÞottom],Ž¡‘Gpage›P±28).‘ Ü¿Alternativ•²!ely‘ÿe,‘ûCy“ou˜can˜adjust‘P²the˜âtextheight˜áto˜mak“e‘P²compatible˜pages,Ž¡‘Gor–Œ¸yš²!ou“can“add“some“v˜ertical“stretc˜h“glue“bMÞet˜w˜een“lines‘Œ·or“bMÞet˜w˜een“paragraphs,‘Las“inŽ¡‘Gâ\setlength{\parskip}{0ex‘¦fplus0.1ex}á.‘­_Y‘ÿeour›@ælast–@çoption“is˜to,‘g‡in˜a“ nal˜editing“stage,Ž¡‘Gadjust–¦fthe“heigh²!t“of“individual“pages“(see“Section“10.3“[â\áenlargethispage],“page“106).ŽŸ#Ø‘!GThe–ŠÇâ\flushbottom›ŠÆástate“is˜the“default“only˜if“y²!ou“select˜the“âtwocolumn˜ádoMÞcumen²!t“classŽ¡‘Goption–î(see“Section“3.1“[DoMÞcumen²!t“class“options],›?èpage“10),˜and“for“indexes“made“usingŽ¡‘Gâmakeidxá.ަ‘Gëc5.4‘™ëg\raggedbottomŽŽŸ33‘GáMak²!e–›Œall››‹later“pages“the˜natural“heigh²!t“of“the˜material“on“that˜page;‘no˜rubbMÞer“v²!erticalŽ¡‘Glengths–8will›8bMÞe“stretc•²!hed.‘’ÜTh“us,‘\{in˜a‘8t“w“o-sided˜doMÞcumen“t–8the“facing˜pages“ma²!y˜bMÞe“di er-Ž¡‘Gen•²!t›€lheigh“ts.‘kîThis–€kcommand˜can“go˜at˜anš²!y“pMÞoin˜t–€lin“the‘€kdoMÞcumen˜t“b•MÞo“dy‘ÿe.‘kîSee‘€kSection‘€l5.3Ž¡‘G[â\á ush²!bMÞottom],–¦fpage“28.ŽŸ#ב!GThis–™is›™ the“default“unless˜y²!ou“select“the˜âtwocolumn“ádoMÞcumen²!t˜class“option“(see˜Section“3.1Ž¡‘G[DoMÞcumen²!t–¦fclass“options],“page“10).ަ‘Gëc5.5‘™P•ŒÌage›f@la“y“out˜parametersŽŽŸ«…‘Gâ\columnsepŽ¡‘G\columnsepruleŽ¡‘G\columnwidthŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe›™ distance‘™¡bMÞet•²!w“een˜the‘™¡t“w“o˜columns,‘Ïbthe˜width–™¡of˜a“rule˜bMÞet•²!w“een‘™¡the˜columns,Ž¡‘Kâ:and–<Šthe“width“of“the“columns,‘bwhen“the“doMÞcumen²!t“class“option“âtwocolumn“áisŽ¡‘Kâ:in–Vse ect“(see“Section“3.1“[DoMÞcumen²!t“class‘Vtoptions],‘‚vpage“10).‘îSee“Section“5.2Ž¡‘Kâ:[â\át•²!w“oMÞcolumn],–¦fpage“26.ŽŸ#Ø‘Gâ\headheightŽ¡‘Kâ:áHeighš²!t–mof“the‘mbMÞo˜x“that“con˜tains“the“running“head.‘ÊÁThe“default‘min“the“âarticleá,Ž¡‘Kâ:âreportá,–¦fand“âbook“áclasses“is“`â12ptá',“at“all“t²!ypMÞe“sizes.ŽŸ#בGâ\headsep‘ Ó£áV‘ÿeertical–ú£distance“bšMÞet•²!w“een–ú£the“b˜ottom“of“the‘ú¢header“line“and“the“top“of“the“mainŽ¡‘Kâ:text.‘)The–äHdefault“in›äIthe“âarticle˜áand“âreport“áclasses˜is“`â25ptá'.‘)In“the˜âbook“áclassŽ¡‘Kâ:the–_Êdefault›_Ëis:‘ºif“the˜doMÞcumen²!t“is“set˜at“10pt“then˜it“is“`â0.25iná',‘mêand“at˜11pt“orŽ¡‘Kâ:12pt–¦fit“is“`â0.275iná'.ŽŽŒ‹£MŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f5:‘ÝÝLa•²!y“out’M]×29ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\footskipޤ 33‘Kâ:áDistance–M!from›M the“baseline˜of“the˜last“line˜of“text˜to“the˜baseline“of˜the“pageŽ¡‘Kâ:foMÞoter.›#ÙThe–default“in“the“âarticle“áand‘âreport“áclasses“is“`â30ptá'.˜In“the“âbookŽ¡‘Kâ:áclass–…Jthe“default“is:‘ÍOwhen“the“t²!ypMÞe“size“is“10pt“the“default“is“`â0.35iná',‘‹éwhile“atŽ¡‘Kâ:11pt–¦fit“is“`â0.38iná',“and“at“12pt“it“is“`â30ptá'.Ž©&g‘Gâ\linewidthŽ¡‘Kâ:áWidth–ÕÛof“the›ÕÜcurren²!t“line,‘ÿdecreased˜for“eac²!h“nested“âlist“á(see˜Section“8.16“[list],Ž¡‘Kâ:page›4˜65).‘ˆtThat–4™is,‘X$the“nominal˜v‘ÿdDalue˜for“â\linewidth˜áis˜to“equal˜â\textwidthŽ¡‘Kâ:ábut–2for›1eac²!h“nested“list“the˜â\linewidth“áis“decreased˜b²!y“the“sum“of˜that“list'sŽ¡‘Kâ:â\leftmargin–¦fáand“â\rightmargin“á(see“Section“8.14“[itemize],“page“64).ަ‘Gâ\marginparpushŽ¡‘G\marginsepŽ¡‘G\marginparwidthŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe›£^minim•²!um‘£]v“ertical˜space˜bMÞet“w“een‘£]t“w“o˜marginal˜notes,‘£ùthe‘£]horizon“tal˜spaceŽ¡‘Kâ:bšMÞet•²!w“een–^the‘^text“b˜o˜dy“and“the›^marginal“notes,‘l’and“the“horizon²!tal“width˜of“theŽ¡‘Kâ:notes.ŽŸ¬Î‘Kâ:Normally–ömarginal“notes“appMÞear“on‘õthe“outside“of“the“page,‘6 but“the“declarationŽ¡‘Kâ:â\reversemarginpar–¦fácš²!hanges“that“(and“â\normalmarginpar“ác˜hanges“it“bac˜k).Ž©¬Í‘Kâ:The–¨defaults“for“â\marginparpush“áin“bMÞoth‘¨‚âbook“áand“âarticle“áclasses“are:‘â`â7ptá'Ž¡‘Kâ:if–[Ýthe“došMÞcumen²!t“is“set“at“12pt,‘jÆand“`â5ptá'“if“the“do˜cumen²!t“is“set“at“11pt“or“10pt.ަ‘Kâ:F‘ÿeor–©â\marginsepá,‘©Âin›©âarticle“áclass“the“default“is“`â10ptá'˜except“if“the“doMÞcumen²!tŽ¡‘Kâ:is–¦fset“at“10pt“and“in“t•²!w“o-column–¦fmoMÞde“where“the“default“is“`â11ptá'.ަ‘Kâ:F‘ÿeor–Åâ\marginsep“áin›Æâbook“áclass“the“default˜is“`â10ptá'“in˜t•²!w“o-column–ÅmoMÞde“andŽ¡‘Kâ:`â7ptá'–¦fin“one-column“moMÞde.ަ‘Kâ:F‘ÿeor–­kâ\marginparwidth›­láin“bMÞoth“âbook“áand˜âarticle“áclasses,‘¯,in˜t•²!w“o-column‘­kmoMÞdeŽ¡‘Kâ:the–ddefault›eis“60%˜of“â\paperwidth–¦fê“â\textwidthá,‘3¤while–din˜one-column“moMÞdeŽ¡‘Kâ:it–¦fis“50%“of“that“distance.ŽŸ&g‘Gâ\oddsidemarginŽ¡‘G\evensidemarginŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–¨â\oddsidemargin“álength›©is“the“extra“distance“bMÞet•²!w“een–¨the˜left“side“of“theŽ¡‘Kâ:page–nŽand“the“text's“left“margin,‘ ˜on“ošMÞdd-n•²!um“b˜ered–nŽpages“when“the“do˜cumen²!tŽ¡‘Kâ:class–©§option“âtwoside“áis“c²!hosen›©¦and“on“all“pages“when“âoneside“áis“in˜e ect.‘‰žWhenŽ¡‘Kâ:âtwoside–¸áis“in–·e ect,‘on“ev•²!en-n“um“bMÞered–¸pages“the“extra“distance“on‘·the“left“isŽ¡‘Kâ:â\evensidemarginá.ަ‘Kâ:LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's–d_default“is“that“â\oddsidemargin‘d`áis“40%“of“the“di erence“bMÞet•²!w“eenŽ¡‘Kâ:â\paperwidth–¦fáand“â\textwidthá,“and“â\evensidemargin“áis“the“remainder.ŽŸ&h‘Gâ\paperheightŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–!³heigh²!t›!²of“the˜papMÞer,‘<=as“distinct˜from“the˜heigh²!t“of“the˜prin²!t“area.‘±¡NormallyŽ¡‘Kâ:set–Ërwith›Ësa“doMÞcumen²!t˜class“option,‘Ô¶as˜in“â\documentclass[a4paper]{article}Ž¡‘Kâ:á(see–¦fSection“3.1“[DoMÞcumen²!t“class“options],“page“10).ŽŸ&g‘Gâ\paperwidthŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–t´width›t³of“the“papMÞer,‘~¤as“distinct˜from“the“width“of˜the“prin²!t“area.‘ÍLNormallyŽ¡‘Kâ:set–Ërwith›Ësa“doMÞcumen²!t˜class“option,‘Ô¶as˜in“â\documentclass[a4paper]{article}Ž¡‘Kâ:á(see–¦fSection“3.1“[DoMÞcumen²!t“class“options],“page“10).ŽŽŒ‹¯ËŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f5:‘ÝÝLa•²!y“out’M]×30ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\textheightޤ 33‘Kâ:áThe–tVnormal‘tUvš²!ertical“heigh˜t“of›tUthe“page˜b•MÞo“dy‘ÿe.‘ G¬If–tVthe“doMÞcumen²!t˜is“set˜at“aŽ¡‘Kâ:nominal–d†t²!ypMÞe“size“of“10pt“then“for‘d…an“âarticle“áor“âreport“áthe“default“isŽ¡‘Kâ:`â43\baselineskipá',‘K#while–*1for›*0a“âbook˜áit“is“`â41\baselineskipá'.‘iof“text.‘ dF‘ÿeor“the˜standard“classes,‘#4the“default˜is“the˜same“as˜the“fon²!tŽ¡‘Kâ:size,–¦fe.g.,“`â10ptá'“at“a“t²!ypMÞe“size“of“10pt.ŽŸîð‘Gëc5.6‘™ëg\baselineskip–f@ëc&“ëg\baselinestretchŽŽŸ33‘GáThe–þâ\baselineskip›þáis“a˜rubbMÞer“length“(see˜Chapter“14˜[Lengths],‘page“139).‘äõIt˜giv²!es“theŽ¡‘Gåleadingá,–¦fthe“normal“distance“bMÞet•²!w“een–¦flines“in“a“paragraph,“from“baseline“to“baseline.Ž©ª«‘!GOrdinarily–̘doMÞcumenš²!t“authors‘Ì™do“not“directly“c˜hange“â\baselineskip“áwhile‘Ì™writing.‘PsIn-Ž¡‘Gstead,‘Žªit–-is›-set“b²!y˜the“lo•²!w˜lev“el‘-fon“t˜selection–-command˜â\fontsize“á(see˜[loš²!w“lev˜el‘-fon˜tŽ¡‘Gcommands–Lfonš²!tsize],‘3ëpage“24).‘®*The“â\baselineskipá's“v‘ÿdDalue“is“reset“ev˜ery“time“a“fon˜t“c˜hangeŽ¡‘GhappMÞens–h¬and›h«so“an²!y˜direct“c²!hange˜to“â\baselineskip“áw²!ould˜v‘ÿdDanish“the˜next“time˜there“w²!asŽ¡‘Ga‘#fon•²!t›"ÿswitc“h.‘SªF‘ÿeor˜ho“w–#to˜in uence“line˜spacing,‘B&see˜the“discussion˜of“â\baselinestretchŽ¡‘GábMÞelo²!w.ަ‘!GUsually‘ÿe,‘üêa–¸jfon²!t's›¸isize“and˜baseline“skip˜is“assigned˜b²!y“the˜fonš²!t“designer.‘çThese“n˜um-Ž¡‘GbMÞers–½are›¼nominal“in“the˜sense“that“if,–wÒfor˜instance,“a‘½fon•²!t's˜st“yle–½ le“has˜the“commandŽŽŒ‹½OŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f5:‘ÝÝLa•²!y“out’M]×31ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}–j…áthen“that“doMÞes“not“mean“that“the“cš²!haracters“in“the“fon˜t“are“10‘Ó7ptޤ 33‘Gtall;‘n¹for–Ráinstance,‘c–parenš²!theses‘Râand“accen˜ted–Râcapitals“ma˜y“bšMÞe–Rátaller.‘ÂNor“do˜es–Râit“mean‘Ráthat“ifŽ¡‘Gthe– dlines› care“spaced˜less“than˜12‘Ó7pt“apart“then˜they“risk˜touc²!hing.‘©‡Rather“these˜n•²!um“bMÞers‘ dareŽ¡‘Gt•²!ypMÞographic›Ñjudgemen“ts.‘J(Often,‘>,the˜â\baselineskip˜áis˜abMÞout˜t“w“en“t“y˜pMÞercen“t˜larger˜thanŽ¡‘Gthe–¦ffon²!t“size.)Ž©€‘!GThe–‰üâ\baselineskip›‰ûáis“not“a“propMÞert²!y˜of“eac²!h“line˜but“of“the˜en²!tire“paragraph.‘ˆžAs“aŽ¡‘Gresult,›Lšlarge–6'text“in“the‘6&middle“of“a“paragraph,˜suc²!h“as“a‘6&single“â{\Huge‘¦fQ}á,˜will“bMÞe“squashedŽ¡‘Gin²!to›Òžits–ÒŸline.‘b…T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will˜mak²!e˜sure“it˜do•MÞesn't˜scrap“e˜up‘ÒŸagainst˜the˜line˜ab“o•²!v“e‘ÒŸbut˜w“on'tŽ¡‘Gc²!hange–ØÁthe›ØÀâ\baselineskip“áfor˜that“one˜line“to“mak²!e˜extra“ro•MÞom˜ab“o•²!v“e.‘tíF‘ÿeor–ØÁthe˜ x,‘åWuse“aŽ¡‘Gâ\strut–¦fá(see“Section“19.13“[â\ástrut],“page“195).ަ‘!GThe–5v‘ÿdDalue›5of“â\baselineskip˜áthat“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜uses“for“the˜paragraph“is˜the“v‘ÿdDalue˜in“e 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X˜instead“usesŽ¡‘Gâ\lineskip–¿$áas“the›¿%in²!terline“glue.‘(The“second“is“that˜T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞesn't“actually“use˜the“depth“ofŽ¡‘Gthe› Rprevious– Sline.‘¡Instead“it˜uses˜â\prevdepthá,‘'whic•²!h˜usually˜con“tains‘ Sthat˜depth.‘¢But˜atŽ¡‘Gthe–<bMÞeginning“of‘<the“paragraph“(or“anš²!y“v˜ertical›<list)“or“just“after˜a“rule,‘aiâ\prevdepth“áhasŽ¡‘Gthe–pÚv‘ÿdDalue›pÙ-1000‘Ó7pt“and“this˜spMÞecial“v‘ÿdDalue“tells“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜not“to“insert˜anš²!y“in˜terline“glue‘pÙat“theŽ¡‘Gparagraph‘¦fstart.ŽŸ€‘!GIn–ÁÆthe“standard“classes“â\lineskiplimit“áis“0›Ó7pt“and‘ÁÅâ\lineskip“áis“1˜pt.‘/ýBy“the“priorŽ¡‘Gparagraph–™then,‘8öthe“distance›šbMÞet•²!w“een–™lines“can˜approac²!h“zero˜but“if“it˜bMÞecomes“zero˜(or“lessŽ¡‘Gthan–¦fzero)“then“the“lines“jump“to“1‘Ó7pt“apart.ަ‘!GSometimes–Äauthors“m²!ust,‘$Kfor“editing“purpšMÞoses,‘$Jput“the“do˜cumen²!t“in“double“space“or“one-Ž¡‘Gand-a-half–¸±space.‘Ž¡The“righ•²!t›¸²w“a“y–¸±to“in 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at˜the˜start˜of˜a˜doMÞcumen“t,‘:õso˜there˜y“ouŽ¡‘Gdon't–¦fneed“to“follo²!w“it“with“â\selectfontá.)ަ‘!GA–¦fsimpler“approacš²!h“is“the“âsetspace“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage.‘ÝÝThe“basic“example:ŽŽŒ‹ Ìßò‘GáChapter‘¦f5:‘ÝÝLa•²!y“out’M]×32ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{setspace}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\doublespacing‘ T%–¿ªor“\onehalfspacing“for“1.5Ž©ׯ‘GáIn–A²the›A±pream²!ble“these˜will“start˜the“doMÞcumen²!t˜o “with“that˜sizing.‘¯ÀBut˜y²!ou“can˜also“useŽ¡‘Gthese–cªdeclarations›c«in“the˜došMÞcumen²!t“b˜o˜dy›c«to“c²!hange˜the“spacing˜from“that˜pMÞoinš²!t“forw˜ard,Ž¡‘Gand–6·consequen²!tly›6¶there“is“â\singlespacing“áto˜return“the“spacing˜to“normal.‘ ŽÏIn“theŽ¡‘Gdo•MÞcumen²!t›Ã;b“o“dy‘ÿe,‘Êpa˜b“etter˜practice˜than˜using‘Ã:the˜declarations˜is˜to˜use˜en•²!vironmen“ts,‘Êpsuc“hŽ¡‘Gas›Õ'â\begin{doublespace}–¦f...“\end{doublespace}á.‘j The˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage˜also˜has˜commandsŽ¡‘Gto–¡pdo›¡oarbitrary“spacing:‘ Óñâ\setstretch{èfactorâ}˜áand“â\begin{spacing}{èfactorâ}‘¦f...Ž¡‘G\end{spacing}á.‘¯lThis‘ìApacš²!k‘ÿdDage–ì@also“k˜eeps›ìAthe“line“spacing˜single-spaced“in˜places“whereŽ¡‘Gthat–Ð5is‘Ð4tš²!ypically“desirable,‘š§suc˜h›Ð4as“foMÞotnotes˜and“ gure˜captions.‘[ISee˜the“pac²!k‘ÿdDageŽ¡‘GdoMÞcumen²!tation.ŽŸI&‘Gëc5.7‘™FloatsŽŽŸ33‘GáSome‘¿ft•²!ypMÞographic›¿gelemen“ts,‘í™suc“h˜as–¿f gures“and˜tables,‘í™cannot˜bMÞe“brok²!en“across˜pages.‘ÝTheyŽ¡‘Gm•²!ust‘2xbšMÞe‘2wt“yp˜eset–2xoutside›2wof“the˜normal“ o²!w˜of“text,‘I§for˜instance“ oating˜to“the˜top“of˜a“laterŽ¡‘Gpage.ŽŸ×Å‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›·{can‘·|ha•²!v“e˜a‘·|n“um“bMÞer˜of‘·|di eren“t˜classes–·|of˜ oating˜material.‘The˜default“is˜theŽ¡‘Gt•²!w“o–ždclasses,›Ÿþâfigure“á(see‘žcSection“8.10“[ gure],˜page“60)“and“âtable‘žcá(see“Section“8.22“[table],Ž¡‘Gpage–¦f86),“but“yš²!ou“can“create“a“new“class“with“the“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“âfloatá.ަ‘!GWithin–Üœan²!y›Ü›one“ oat˜class“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜alw•²!a“ys–ÜœrespMÞects˜the“order,‘ê)so˜that“the˜ rst“ gure˜in“aŽ¡‘GdoMÞcumen•²!t›1ðsource‘1ïm“ust˜bšMÞe‘1ït“yp˜eset–1ðb˜efore›1ïthe“second˜ gure.‘€zHo•²!w“ev“er,‘TÑLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X‘1ðma“y˜mix‘1ðtheŽ¡‘Gclasses,‘Îâso–“–it“can“happšMÞen“that“while“the“ rst“table“app˜ears“in“the“source“b˜efore“the“ rstŽ¡‘G gure,–¦fit“appMÞears“in“the“output“after“it.ަ‘!GThe–“ñplacemen²!t“of›“ò oats“is“sub‘›»ject“to˜parameters,‘ÏSgiv•²!en˜bMÞelo“w,‘ÏSthat˜limit–“ñthe“n•²!um“bMÞerŽ¡‘Gof–u oats›tthat“can˜appMÞear“at˜the“top“of˜a“page,‘¸and˜the“bMÞottom,‘¸etc.‘ If˜so“man²!y˜ oats“areŽ¡‘Gqueued–.Pthat›.Qthe“limits“prev•²!en“t˜them–.Pall“from˜ tting“on“a“page˜then“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“places˜what“itŽ¡‘Gcan–Ýband›Ýadefers“the˜rest“to˜the“next˜page.‘‚ÐIn“this˜w•²!a“y‘ÿe,‘ë! oats˜ma“y–Ýbend˜up“b•MÞeing˜t²!yp“eset‘ÝbfarŽ¡‘Gfrom–Ú°their›Ú±place“in“the˜source.‘z¼In“particular,‘çÃa“ oat“that˜is“big“ma²!y˜migrate“to“the˜end“ofŽ¡‘Gthe–NËdoMÞcumenš²!t.‘À©In“whic˜h“ev˜en˜t,‘`QbMÞecause“all‘NÊ oats“in“a“class“m˜ust“appMÞear“in“sequen˜tial“order,Ž¡‘Gev•²!ery›¦ffollo“wing˜ oat˜in˜that˜class˜also˜appMÞears˜at˜the˜end.ަ‘!GIn–š‘addition›što“c²!hanging“the˜parameters,‘×›for“eacš²!h“ oat“y˜ou‘šcan“t˜w˜eak“where‘šthe“ oatŽ¡‘Gplacemen²!t–uáalgorithm›uâtries“to˜place“it˜b²!y“using“its˜åplacemen•²!t‘²ááargumen“t.‘ͱThe˜pMÞossible‘uáv‘ÿdDaluesŽ¡‘Gare–¨¿a“sequence“of“the“letters›¨¾bMÞelo²!w.‘‰QThe“default“for˜bšMÞoth“âfigure“áand“âtableá,‘Ûzin“b˜oth“âarticleŽ¡‘Gáand–¦fâbook“áclasses,“is“âtbpá.Ž©|Y‘Gât‘4Iá(T‘ÿeop)|at–¦fthe“top“of“a“text“page.ŽŸ|X‘Gâb‘4Iá(Bottom)|at–9 the“bMÞottom“of›9a“text“page.‘•Æ(Ho•²!w“ev“er,‘]±âb–9 áis˜not“allo•²!w“ed–9 for“full-Ž¡‘Kâ:width–;ÿ oats“(âfigure*á)“with›;þdouble-column“output.‘ºfT‘ÿeo“ameliorate˜this,‘QGuse“theŽ¡‘Kâ:âstfloats–ôÝáor“âdblfloatfix›ôÜápac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘Hzbut“see“the“discussion“at˜ca•²!v“eats–ôÝin“theŽ¡‘Kâ:F‘þȈA²!Q:‘¦fâhttps://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloatá.ަ‘Gâh‘4Iá(Here)|at–the“pMÞosition›in“the“text“where“the˜âfigure“áen•²!vironmen“t‘appMÞears.Ž¡‘Kâ:Ho•²!w“ev“er,–¦fâh“áis“not“allo•²!w“ed›¦fb“y˜itself;˜ât˜áis˜automatically˜added.ŽŸׯ‘Kâ:T‘ÿeo–!absolutely“force“a“ oat“to“appMÞear“\here",‘7Èy²!ou“can“â\usepackage{float}“áandŽ¡‘Kâ:use–àthe“âH“áspMÞeci er“whicš²!h‘áit“de nes.‘íKF‘ÿeor“further“discussion,‘see“the“F‘þȈA˜Q‘Éen˜tryŽ¡‘Kâ:at‘¦fâhttps://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehereá.ŽŽŒ‹!Þ¾Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f5:‘ÝÝLa•²!y“out’M]×33ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâp‘4Iá(P²!age–Ý)of›Ý( oats)|on“a“separate˜å oat“pageá,‘êÙwhic²!h“is˜a“page“con²!taining˜no“text,ޤ 33‘Kâ:only‘¦f oats.ŽŸè_‘Gâ!‘4IáUsed–é`in“addition›éato“one“of“the˜abMÞo•²!v“e;‘ Ýfor–é`this“ oat˜only‘ÿe,‘úLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜ignores“the“re-Ž¡‘Kâ:strictions–¦¿on›¦¾bMÞoth“the˜n•²!um“bMÞer–¦¿of˜ oats“that˜can“appMÞear˜and“the˜relativš²!e“amoun˜tsŽ¡‘Kâ:of–P oat›P and“non- oat˜text“on˜the“page.‘ÁThe“â!˜áspšMÞeci er“do˜es–P änot‘Yõámean“\put‘P theŽ¡‘Kâ: oat–¦fhere";“see“abMÞo•²!v“e.ŽŸÂõ‘!GNote:‘Ëhthe›}order–|in“whic²!h˜letters“appMÞear“in˜the“åplacemen•²!t‘¾}áargumen“t–|doMÞes“not˜c²!hange“theŽ¡‘Gorder–ëgin›ëfwhic²!h“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“tries˜to“place˜the“ oat;‘ çfor“instance,‘ü¦âbtp“áhas˜the“same“e ect˜as“âtbpá.Ž¡‘GAll–M2that›M1åplacemen²!t‘Š2ádoMÞes“is“that˜if“a“letter˜is“not“presen²!t˜then“the“algorithm“doMÞes˜not“tryŽ¡‘Gthat–„loMÞcation.‘Ö’Th²!us,‘”åLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“default“of›…âtbp“áis“to“try˜ev²!ery“loMÞcation“except“placing˜the“ oatŽ¡‘Gwhere–¦fit“oMÞccurs“in“the“source.Ž©è_‘!GT‘ÿeo›Ìnprev•²!en“t–ÌoLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜from“mo²!ving˜ 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oats˜that“can˜appMÞear˜at“the˜bMÞottom˜of“a˜text˜page;‘ìºdefaultŽ¡‘Kâ:1.ަ‘GâdbltopnumberŽ¡‘Kâ:áMaxim•²!um›°Tn“um“b•MÞer˜of˜full-sized‘°U oats˜that˜can˜app“ear˜at˜the‘°Utop˜of˜a˜t•²!w“o-columnŽ¡‘Kâ:page;–¦fdefault“2.ŽŸM¡‘GâtopnumberŽ¡‘Kâ:áMaxim•²!um›ò7n“um“bMÞer–ò6of˜ oats˜that“can˜appMÞear˜at˜the“top˜of˜a“text˜page;‘defaultŽ¡‘Kâ:2.ަ‘GâtotalnumberŽ¡‘Kâ:áMaxim•²!um›¦fn“um“b•MÞer˜of˜ oats˜that˜can˜app“ear˜on˜a˜text˜page;˜default˜3.ŽŸÚØ‘!GThe–Ž÷principal“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“F‘þȈA•²!Q‘Žòen“try–Ž÷relating“to“ oats“âhttps://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floatsŽ¡‘Gácon²!tains–Ó²suggestions“for“relaxing“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“default‘Ó³parameters“to“reduce“the“problem“ofŽ¡‘G oats–0!bMÞeing“pushed“to›0"the“end.‘ {A‘/¼full“explanation“of“the˜ oat“placemen²!t“algorithm“isŽ¡‘Gin–zãF‘ÿerank“Mittelbacš²!h's“article‘zä\Ho˜w“to“in uence“the“pMÞosition‘zäof“ oat“en˜vironmen˜ts“lik˜eŽ¡‘G gure–tšand‘t›table“in“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X?"‘ 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X.‘IAll˜are“a²!v‘ÿdDailable˜in“all“of˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“stan-Ž¡‘Gdard–÷ doMÞcumen²!t“classes“âbooká,– 3âreportá,“and›÷ âarticleá,“except‘÷ 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ush˜left,‘„¾in˜bMÞoldface“and˜a“larger˜t²!ypMÞe“(theŽ¡‘Gtš²!ypMÞe–š8size“is“â\Largeá).‘ÙÎThe“same“holds“in“âarticle“áexcept“that“there“are“no“c˜hapters“in“thatŽ¡‘Gclass–¦fso“it“loMÞoks“lik²!e“`â2“ètitleá'.Ž© Ñ‘!GThe–"â*›"áform“sho²!ws“åtitleá.‘P³But˜it“doMÞes˜not“sho²!w“the˜section“n•²!um“b•MÞer,‘@êdo“es˜not‘"incremen²!tŽ¡‘Gthe–Òùâsection“ácounš²!ter,‘ÞproMÞduces“no“table“of“con˜ten˜ts‘Òøen˜try‘ÿe,‘Þand“doMÞes‘Òønot“a 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Ò‘Gábut–ŸÎonly›ŸÍ`âElizabeth‘¦fIIá'“on˜the“con•²!ten“ts˜page–ŸÎand˜in“the˜headers.‘ÛªThis“has˜a“line˜break“inŽ¡‘Gåtitle‘Cmábut–¦fthat“doMÞes“not“wš²!ork“with“headers“so“it“is“omitted“from“the“con˜ten˜ts“and“headers.ަ‘.ùœâ\section[Truth–¿ªis,“I“cheated;“my“life“story]{Truth“is,Ž¡‘:xðI–¿ªcheated\\my“life“story}ަ‘!GáF‘ÿeor–Mjdetermining“whicš²!h‘Mksectional“units“are“n˜um˜bMÞered‘Mkand“whic˜h“appMÞear“in‘Mkthe“table“ofŽ¡‘Gcon•²!ten“ts,‘XÂthe‘EZlev“el›EYn“um“bMÞer˜of–EZa˜section“is˜1˜(see“[Sectioning/secn²!umdepth],‘XÂpage˜37,‘XÃand˜seeŽ¡‘G[Sectioning/toMÞcdepth],–¦fpage“37).ަ‘!GThe–Oúparagraph›Oùthat“follo²!ws“the˜section“title“is˜not“inden²!ted,‘aBas“is“a˜standard“t²!ypMÞograph-Ž¡‘Gical–¦fpractice.‘ÝÝOne“w•²!a“y–¦fto“get“an“indenš²!t“is“to“use“the“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“âindentfirstá.ަ‘!GIn–‹general,‘ÄBto“cš²!hange‘‹the“bMÞeha˜vior›‹of“the“â\section˜ácommand,‘ÄCthere˜are“a˜n•²!um“bMÞer‘‹ofŽ¡‘Goptions.‘ÛNOne–ž»is›žºthe“â\@startsection˜ácommand˜(see“Section˜6.8“[â\á@startsection],‘ Cpage˜44).Ž¡‘GThere–‡—are›‡˜also“man•²!y˜pac“k‘ÿdDages–‡—on˜CT‘ÿeAN‘‡]that˜address“this,‘¿äincluding“âtitlesecá.‘rSee“theŽ¡‘GdošMÞcumen²!tation–¦fbut“the“example“b˜eloš²!w“giv˜es“a“sense“of“what“they“can“do.ަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{titlesec}‘>þ%–¿ªin“preambleŽ¡‘.ùœ\titleformat{\section}Ž¡‘:xð{\normalfont\Large\bfseries}‘ T%–¿ªformat“of“titleŽ¡‘:xð{\makebox[1pc][r]{\thesection\hspace{1pc}}}–¿ª%“labelŽ¡‘:xð{0pt}‘m9ž%–¿ªlength“of“separation“between“label“and“titleŽ¡‘:xð{}‘~xœ%–¿ªbefore-code“hookŽ¡‘.ùœ\titlespacing*{\section}Ž¡‘:xð{-1pc}{18pt}{10pt}[10pc]ŽŸ Ò‘GáThat–¦fputs“the“section“n•²!um“bMÞer–¦fin“the“margin.ŽŸ±<‘Gëc6.4‘™ëg\subsectionŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\subsection{ètitleâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\subsection*{ètitleâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\subsection[ètoc-titleâ]{ètitleâ}ŽŽŒ‹)LÔŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f6:‘ÝÝSectioning’=eÕ41ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GStart–@a“subsection.‘»ÁThe“standard“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“classes“âarticleá,–Tˆâbooká,“and–@âreport“áall“ha•²!v“e‘@thisŽ© 33‘Gcommand.ޤ‘!GThis–¦fproMÞduces“a“subsection.Ž¡‘.ùœâWe–¿ªwill“show“that“there“are“more“functions“than“Turing“machines“and“thatަ‘.ùœtherefore–¿ªsome“functions“have“no“associated“machine.ŽŸff‘.ùœ\subsection{Cardinality}–¿ªWe“will“begin“with“two“paradoxes“thatަ‘.ùœdramatize–¿ªthe“challenge“to“our“intuition“posed“by“comparing“the“sizes“ofަ‘.ùœinfinite‘¿ªsets.Ž¡‘!GáF‘ÿeor–Æthe“standard“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›Çclasses“âbook“áand“âreport“áthe“default˜output“is“lik²!e“`â1.2.3‘¦fètitleá'ަ‘G(for–?ˆc²!hapter“1,›eÐsection“2,˜subsection“3),˜alone“on“its“line‘?‡and“ ush“left,˜in“bMÞoldface“and“aަ‘Glarger–­Âtš²!ypMÞe‘­Ã(the“t˜ypMÞe›­Ãsize“is“â\largeá).‘óóThe“same“holds˜in“âarticle“áexcept˜that“there˜are“noަ‘Gcš²!hapters–¦fin“that“class“so“it“loMÞoks“lik˜e“`â2.3“ètitleá'.Ž¡‘!GThe–¨â*›©áform“sho²!ws“åtitleá.‘¬žBut“it˜doMÞes“not“sho²!w“the˜subsection“n•²!um“b•MÞer,‘04do“es˜not‘¨incremen²!tަ‘Gthe–¦fâsubsection“ácounš²!ter,“and“proMÞduces“no“table“of“con˜ten˜ts“en˜try‘ÿe.ŽŸ‘!GThe–¢yoptional“argumen²!t‘¢zåtošMÞc-title‘?€áwill“app˜ear“as“the›¢zsubsection“title“in“the˜table“of“con•²!ten“tsަ‘G(see–"‚Section›"ƒ25.1“[T‘ÿeable“of˜con•²!ten“ts–"‚etc.],‘A‰page“235).‘R2If˜it“is“not˜presen²!t“then“åtitle‘¿Šáwill“bMÞeަ‘Gthere.‘ÝÝThis–¦fsho²!ws“the“full“text“in“the“title“of“the“subsection:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$–¿ªpaper]{\textit{The“Origin“ofަ‘:xðChemical–¿ªElements}“by“R.A.~Alpher,“H.~Bethe,“and“G.~Gamow}Ž¡‘Gábut–¦fonly“`é `â,é ‘“òâ,é ‘B!âpaperá'“on“the“con•²!ten“ts‘¦fpage.Ž¡‘!GF‘ÿeor–Mjdetermining“whicš²!h‘Mksectional“units“are“n˜um˜bMÞered‘Mkand“whic˜h“appMÞear“in‘Mkthe“table“ofަ‘Gcon•²!ten“ts,‘f˜the‘V£lev“el›V¤n“um“bMÞer˜of˜a˜subsection˜is˜2˜(see˜[Sectioning/secn“umdepth],–f˜page‘V£37,“andަ‘Gsee–¦f[Sectioning/toMÞcdepth],“page“37).Ž¡‘!GThe–àparagraph“that›ßfollo²!ws“the“subsection“title˜is“not“inden²!ted,‘2þas“is˜a“standard“t²!ypMÞo-ަ‘Ggraphical–¦fpractice.‘ÝÝOne“w•²!a“y–¦fto“get“an“indenš²!t“is“to“use“the“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“âindentfirstá.Ž¡‘!GThere–Sdare“a“n•²!um“bšMÞer–Sdof“w•²!a“ys–Sdto“c²!hange“the‘Scb˜eha²!vior“of“the“â\subsection“ácommand.‘Â2Oneަ‘Gis–ö*the›ö)â\@startsection“ácommand“(see˜Section“6.8“[â\á@startsection],‘ipage˜44).‘£There˜are“alsoަ‘Gman•²!y›q*pac“k‘ÿdDages˜on˜CT‘ÿeAN‘pöthat˜address˜this,‘£Úincluding˜âtitlesecá.‘>)See˜the˜doMÞcumen“tationަ‘Gbut–¦fthe“example“bMÞeloš²!w“giv˜es“a“sense“of“what“they“can“do.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\usepackage{titlesec}‘>þ%–¿ªin“preambleަ‘.ùœ\titleformat{\subsection}[runin]ަ‘:xð{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}‘ T%–¿ªformat“of“the“titleަ‘:xð{\thesubsection}‘m9ž%‘¿ªlabelަ‘:xð{0.6em}’ ö˜%–¿ªspace“between“label“and“titleަ‘:xð{}’½´ê%–¿ªbefore-code“hookŽ¡‘GáThat–¦fputs“the“subsection“n•²!um“bMÞer–¦fand“åtitle‘Cmáin“the“ rst“line“of“text.ŽŸ‰·‘Gëc6.5‘™ëg\subsubsectionëc,–f@ëg\paragraphëc,“ëg\subparagraphŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\subsubsection{ètitleâ}ަ‘.ùœ\subsubsection*{ètitleâ}ަ‘.ùœ\subsubsection[ètoc-titleâ]{ètitleâ}ŽŽŒ‹*Z|Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f6:‘ÝÝSectioning’=eÕ42ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gor–¦fone“of:Ž©W‰‘.ùœâ\paragraph{ètitleâ}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\paragraph*{ètitleâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\paragraph[ètoc-titleâ]{ètitleâ}ŽŸWŠ‘Gáor–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\subparagraph{ètitleâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\subparagraph*{ètitleâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\subparagraph[ètoc-titleâ]{ètitleâ}ŽŸWŠ‘!GáStart–ÄÊa“subsubsection,‘Œaparagraph,‘Œbor“subparagraph.‘9The“standard“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“classesŽ¡‘Gâarticleá,–ôâbooká,“and–Ðrâreport“áall“ha•²!v“e›Ðqthese–Ðrcommands,‘ôalthough“they“are˜not“commonlyŽ¡‘Gused.ަ‘!GThis–¦fproMÞduces“a“subsubsection.ަ‘.ùœâ\subsubsection{Piston–¿ªring“compressors:“structural“performance}Ž¡‘.ùœProvide–¿ªexterior/interior“wall“cladding“assembliesŽ¡‘.ùœcapable–¿ªof“withstanding“the“effects“of“load“and“stresses“fromŽ¡‘.ùœconsumer-grade–¿ªgasoline“engine“piston“rings.ŽŸWŠ‘!GáThe–]Edefault›]Foutput“of˜eac²!h“of“the˜three“doMÞes˜not“cš²!hange“o˜v˜er›]Fthe“standard˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“classesŽ¡‘Gâarticleá,‘¶âbooká,›¶and–²æâreportá.‘^F‘ÿeor“â\subsubsection“áthe“åtitle‘Oîáis“alone“on“its“line,˜in“bMÞoldfaceŽ¡‘Gand–‡normal›‡size“t²!ypMÞe.‘ÁF‘ÿeor“â\paragraph˜áthe“åtitle‘$áis“inline˜with“the˜text,–¿0not˜inden²!ted,“inŽ¡‘GbšMÞoldface–²øand“normal“size‘²ùt²!yp˜e.‘“F‘ÿeor“â\subparagraph“áthe“åtitle‘Páis“inline“with“the“text,‘¶with“aŽ¡‘Gparagraph–ã+indenš²!t,‘ 7in“bMÞoldface“and‘ã,normal“size“t˜ypMÞe“(Because“an“âarticle‘ã,áhas“no“c˜hapters“itsŽ¡‘Gsubsubsections–Rúare“n•²!um“bšMÞered‘Rùand–Rúso“it“lo˜oks“lik²!e–Rù`â1.2.3‘¦fètitleá',‘cªfor“section–Rú1,‘c©subsection“2,Ž¡‘Gand–¦fsubsubsection“3.‘ÝÝThe“other“t•²!w“o–¦fdivisions“are“not“n•²!um“bMÞered.)ަ‘!GThe–¬¦â*›¬¥áform“sho²!ws˜åtitleá.‘ðœBut“it˜doMÞes“not˜incremen²!t“the˜assoMÞciated“coun²!ter˜and“proMÞducesŽ¡‘Gno–¦ftable“of“con•²!ten“ts›¦fen“try˜(and˜doMÞes˜not˜sho“w˜the˜n“um“bMÞer˜for˜â\subsubsectioná).ަ‘!GThe–‡ optional‘‡Ÿargumen²!t“åtošMÞc-title‘$§áwill“app˜ear›‡Ÿas“the“division˜title“in“the“table˜of“con•²!ten“tsŽ¡‘G(see–"‚Section›"ƒ25.1“[T‘ÿeable“of˜con•²!ten“ts–"‚etc.],‘A‰page“235).‘R2If˜it“is“not˜presen²!t“then“åtitle‘¿Šáwill“bMÞeŽ¡‘Gthere.ŽŸWŠ‘!GF‘ÿeor–Mjdetermining“whicš²!h‘Mksectional“units“are“n˜um˜bMÞered‘Mkand“whic˜h“appMÞear“in‘Mkthe“table“ofŽ¡‘Gcon•²!ten“ts,‘ß½the›®lev“el˜n“um“bMÞer˜of˜a˜subsubsection˜is˜3,–ß½of˜a˜paragraph˜is˜4,“and˜of˜a˜subparagraphŽ¡‘Gis–¦f5“(see“[Sectioning/secn²!umdepth],“page“37,“and“see“[Sectioning/toMÞcdepth],“page“37).ަ‘!GThe–"paragraph“that›#follo²!ws“the“subsubsection“title“is˜not“inden²!ted,‘iPas˜is“a“standardŽ¡‘Gtš²!ypMÞographical–¦fpractice.‘ÝÝOne“w˜a˜y“to“get“an“inden˜t“is“to“use“the“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“âindentfirstá.Ž©WŠ‘!GThere–ÇYare“a“n•²!um“bšMÞer–ÇYof“w•²!a“ys–ÇYto“c²!hange“the“b˜eha²!vior“of“the“these“commands.‘@¶One“isŽ¡‘Gthe–çâ\@startsection“ácommand‘ç (see“Section“6.8“[â\á@startsection],‘÷7page“44).‘ŸÔThere“are“alsoŽ¡‘Gman•²!y›:pac“k‘ÿdDages˜on˜CT‘ÿeAN‘9æthat˜address˜this,‘O®including˜âtitlesecá.‘¹¼See˜the˜doMÞcumen“tation˜onŽ¡‘GCT‘ÿeAN.ŽŸ6‘Gëc6.6‘™ëg\appendixŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\appendixŽŸW‰‘!GáThis–«VdošMÞes“not‘«Wdirectly“pro˜duce“an²!y“output.‘Š-But›«Win“a“âbook“áor“âreport˜ádoMÞcumen²!t“it“declaresŽ¡‘Gthat–^©subsequen²!t“â\chapter“ácommands“start›^ªan“appMÞendix.‘ÅóIn“an“article˜it“doMÞes“the“same,‘mforŽŽŒ‹+gΟò‘GáChapter‘¦f6:‘ÝÝSectioning’=eÕ43ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\section–$`ácommands.‘WÌIt›$aalso“resets“the˜âchapter“áand˜âsection“ácoun²!ters“to˜0“in“a˜b•MÞo“ok‘$`orŽ© 33‘GrepMÞort,–¦fand“in“an“article“resets“the“âsection“áand“âsubsection“ácoun²!ters.ޤ5@‘!GIn–¦fthis“b•MÞo“okŽ¡‘.ùœâ\chapter{One}‘ T...ަ‘.ùœ\chapter{Two}‘ T...ަ‘4¹F...ަ‘.ùœ\appendixަ‘.ùœ\chapter{Three}‘ T...ަ‘.ùœ\chapter{Four}‘ T...Ž¡‘Gáthe–î rst“t•²!w“o–îwill“generate“output“n•²!um“bMÞered‘ï`âChapter›¦f1á'–îand“`âChapter˜2á'.‘ GuAfter“theަ‘Gâ\appendix–»dáthe“n•²!um“b•MÞering‘»ewill›»db“e˜`âAppendix–¦fAá'˜and›»e`âAppendix“Bá'.‘×See˜Section–»dA.4“[Largerަ‘Gb•MÞo“ok–¦ftemplate],“page“267,“for“another“example.Ž¡‘!GThe–¹çâappendix›¹èápac²!k‘ÿdDage“adds“the˜command“â\appendixpage“áto“put˜a“separateަ‘G`âAppendicesá'–¯in“the“do•MÞcumen²!t‘¯b“o“dy›¯b“efore˜the˜ rst˜app“endix,‘±Aand˜the˜commandަ‘Gâ\addappheadtotoc–”aáto›”`do“the“same˜in“the˜table“of“con•²!ten“ts.‘ §ÍY‘ÿeou˜can–”areset˜the“nameަ‘G`âAppendicesá'–ðwith“a“command“lik²!e“â\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}á,ަ‘Gas–¦fwš²!ell“as“a“n˜um˜bšMÞer“of“other“features.‘ÝÝSee“the“do˜cumen²!tation“on“CT‘ÿeAN.ŽŸ!ƒ‘Gëc6.7‘™ëg\frontmatterëc,–f@ëg\mainmatterëc,“ëg\backmatterŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“or“more“of:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\frontmatterަ‘.ùœ...ަ‘.ùœ\mainmatterަ‘.ùœ...ަ‘.ùœ\backmatterަ‘.ùœ...Ž¡‘!GáF‘ÿeormat–[2a›[3âbook“áclass“doMÞcumen•²!t˜di 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gures,‘T­and“a“list˜of“tables.‘»Ð(Someަ‘Gof–>Òthese›>Ófron²!t“matter˜pages,‘dísuc²!h˜as“the˜title“page,‘díare˜traditionally“not˜n•²!um“bMÞered.)‘§"Theަ‘Gbacš²!k–¦fmatter“ma˜y“con˜tain“suc˜h“things“as“a“glossary‘ÿe,“notes,“a“bibliograph˜y‘ÿe,“and“an“index.Ž¡‘!GThe–ôðâ\frontmatter“ácommand‘ôñmakš²!es“the“pages“n˜um˜bMÞered“in“lo˜w˜ercase‘ôñroman,‘nand“mak˜esަ‘Gc•²!hapters‘not›n“um“bMÞered,‘"although˜eac“h‘c“hapter's˜title–appMÞears“in˜the“table“of˜con•²!ten“ts;‘8&if‘y“ouަ‘Guse–Ûother›Ûsectioning“commands˜here,‘½use“the˜â*á-v²!ersion“(see˜Chapter“6“[Sectioning],‘¼page“36).Ž¡‘!GThe–ãNâ\mainmatter›ãOácommand“c²!hanges˜the“bMÞehaš²!vior“bac˜k›ãOto“the˜expMÞected“v²!ersion,‘2ˆandަ‘Gresets–¦fthe“page“n•²!um“bMÞer.Ž¡‘!GThe–…½â\backmatter“ácommand›…¾lea•²!v“es–…½the“page“n•²!um“bMÞering–…½alone“but˜switcš²!hes“the“c˜haptersަ‘Gbacš²!k–¦fto“bMÞeing“not“n˜um˜bMÞered.Ž¡‘!GSee–®Section›¯A.4“[Larger˜b•MÞo“ok‘®template],–l€page˜267,“for–®an˜example“using˜these“threeަ‘Gcommands.ŽŽŒ‹,u˜Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f6:‘ÝÝSectioning’=eÕ44ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëc6.8–™ëg\@startsectionëc:“TŒÌyps3esetting–f@sectional“unit“headingsŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ޤp¤‘.ùœâ\@startsection{ènameâ}{èlevelâ}{èindentâ}{èbeforeskipâ}{èafterskipâ}{èstyleâ}Ž¡‘!GáUsed–Þšto›Þ›help“rede ne˜the“bMÞeha²!vior˜of“commands˜that“start˜sectioning“divisions˜suc²!h“asޤ 33‘Gâ\section–¦fáor“â\subsectioná.Ž©p¥‘!GThe–´uâtitlesec‘´tápacš²!k‘ÿdDage“mak˜es“manipulation‘´tof“sectioning“easier.‘F‘ÿeurther,‘÷øwhile“mostŽ¡‘Grequiremen²!ts–kfor›lsectioning“commands“can“bMÞe˜satis ed“with“â\@startsectioná,‘0Ñsome“cannot.Ž¡‘GF‘ÿeor–~qinstance,‘†oin›~rthe“standard“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜âbook“áand“âreport˜áclasses“the“commands˜â\chapter“áandŽ¡‘Gâ\report–B˜áare›B—not“constructed˜using“this.‘²rT‘ÿeo˜makš²!e“suc˜h‘B—a“command“y˜ou‘B—ma˜y“w˜an˜t‘B—to“useŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fâ\secdef“ácommand.ޤp¤‘!GThe–¦fâ\@startsection“ámacro“is“used“lik²!e“this:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\@startsection{ènameâ}ޤ 33‘:xð{èlevelâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èindentâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èbeforeskipâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èafterskipâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èstyleâ}*[ètoctitleâ]{ètitleâ}ޤp¤‘Gáso–¦fthat“issuingŽ¡‘.ùœâ\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{ènameâ}ޤ 33‘:xð{èlevelâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èindentâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èbeforeskipâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èafterskipâ}Ž¡‘:xð{èstyleâ}}ަ‘Gárede nes–³â\section“áwhile“k²!eeping‘²its“standard“calling“form“â\section*[ètoctitleâ]{ètitleâ}Ž¡‘Gá(in–0whic²!h,›kâas“a‘/reminder,˜the“star“â*“áis“optional).‘ ;See“Chapter‘/6“[Sectioning],˜page“36.Ž¡‘GThis–zcimplies›zbthat“when˜y²!ou“write˜a“command˜lik²!e“â\renewcommand{\section}{...}á,‘¯atheŽ¡‘Gâ\@startsection{...}–¦fámš²!ust“come“last“in“the“de nition.‘ÝÝSee“the“examples“bMÞelo˜w.ŽŸ®‘Gåname‘ D$áName–]of›\the“coun²!ter“used˜to“n•²!um“bMÞer–]the˜sectioning“header.‘ÐÚThis˜counš²!ter“m˜ustŽ¡‘Kâ:bMÞe–²de ned“separately‘ÿe.‘ CÀMost“commonly“this‘±is“either“âsectioná,‘{„âsubsectioná,Ž¡‘Kâ:or–v&âparagraphá.‘MAlthough“in“those“cases“the“coun²!ter“name“is“the“same“as“theŽ¡‘Kâ:sectioning–¦fcommand“itself,“yš²!ou“don't“ha˜v˜e“to“use“the“same“name.Ž©p¤‘Kâ:Then–yâ\theåname‘«ádisplaš²!ys“the“title‘zn˜um˜bMÞer“and“â\åname‘âmark›záis“for“the˜page“head-Ž¡‘Kâ:ers.‘ÝÝSee–¦fthe“third“example“bMÞelo²!w.ŽŸ®‘Gålev•²!el‘$†GáAn›HZin“teger˜giving–HYthe˜depth˜of˜the˜sectioning“command.‘ùSee“Chapter˜6˜[Sec-Ž¡‘Kâ:tioning],–¦fpage“36,“for“the“list“of“standard“levš²!el“n˜um˜bMÞers.ަ‘Kâ:If–:rålev²!el‘¨Ãáis“less›:qthan“or“equal˜to“the˜v‘ÿdDalue“of“the˜coun²!ter“âsecnumdepth˜áthen“titlesŽ¡‘Kâ:for–å×this›åØsectioning“command“will“bMÞe˜n•²!um“bMÞered–å×(see“[Sectioning/secn²!umdepth],Ž¡‘Kâ:page–Ö37).‘l©F‘ÿeor“instance,‘áåif“âsecnumdepth›Õÿáis“1˜in“an˜âarticle“áthen˜the“commandŽ¡‘Kâ:â\section{Introduction}–RÅáwill“proMÞduce“output‘RÄlikš²!e“\1“In˜troMÞduction"“whileŽ¡‘Kâ:â\subsection{Discussion}–]`áwill›]aproMÞduce“output˜lik²!e“\Discussion",‘küwithout“theŽ¡‘Kâ:n•²!um“bMÞer‘¦fpre x.ަ‘Kâ:If–c»ålev²!el‘Òáis“less“than›c¼or“equal˜to“the“v‘ÿdDalue˜of“the“coun²!ter˜åtoMÞcdepth“áthen˜the“tableŽ¡‘Kâ:of›¹ccon•²!ten“ts˜will˜ha“v“e˜an˜en“try˜for˜this˜sectioning˜unit˜(see˜[Sectioning/toMÞcdepth],ŽŽŒ‹-:Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f6:‘ÝÝSectioning’=eÕ45ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Kâ:page–Áa37).‘‘‡F‘ÿeor“instance,›ï/in“an“âarticleá,˜if“åtoMÞcdepth›Ábáis“1“then“the˜table“of“con•²!ten“tsޤ 33‘Kâ:will–¦flist“sections“but“not“subsections.Ž©™›‘Gåindenš²!t‘´$áA‘äºlength–äÊgiving“the“inden˜tation“of“all“of‘äËthe“title“lines“with“respMÞect“to“the“leftŽ¡‘Kâ:margin.‘—*T‘ÿeo›ÒMha•²!v“e˜the–ÒLtitle˜ ush˜with˜the˜margin“use˜â0ptá.‘—*A‘Ònegativ•²!e˜inden“tationŽ¡‘Kâ:sucš²!h–¦fas“â-\parindent“áwill“mo˜v˜e“the“title“in˜to“the“left“margin.ަ‘GåbMÞeforeskip‘ \ÅáThe– Rabsolute› Sv‘ÿdDalue“of“this˜length“is“the˜amoun²!t“of˜v²!ertical“space“that˜is“insertedŽ¡‘Kâ:bšMÞefore–nßthis“sectioning“unit's“title.‘ËZThis“space“will“b˜e“discarded“if“the“sectioningŽ¡‘Kâ:unit–ÚÇhappMÞens›ÚÆto“start˜at“the“bMÞeginning˜of“a“page.‘™ýIf“this˜n•²!um“bMÞer‘ÚÇis˜negativ“e‘ÚÇthenŽ¡‘Kâ:the–}l rst›}mparagraph“follo²!wing˜the“header˜is“not“inden²!ted;‘èðif“it˜is“non-negativ²!eŽ¡‘Kâ:then–ð2the›ð1 rst“paragraph“is˜indenš²!ted.‘»A(Example:‘qtthe“negativ˜e‘ð1of“â1pt–¦fplus“2ptŽ¡‘Kâ:minus–¦f3pt“áis“â-1pt“plus“-2pt“minus“-3ptá.)ŽŸfg‘Kâ:F‘ÿeor–¯example,‘1Óif›®åbMÞeforeskip‘i°áis“â-3.5ex–¦fplus“-1ex“minus“-0.2ex˜áthen–¯to˜start“theŽ¡‘Kâ:new–Ôsectioning›Ôunit,‘ßLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will˜add“abMÞout“3.5˜times“the“heigh²!t˜of“a“letter˜x“inŽ¡‘Kâ:vš²!ertical–Ô©space,‘þ›and“the“ rst“paragraph“in‘Ô¨the“section“will“not“bMÞe“inden˜ted.‘—óUsingŽ¡‘Kâ:a–öérubbMÞer›öèlength,‘with“âplus˜áand“âminusá,‘is˜go•MÞo“d–öépractice˜here“since“it˜giv²!es“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Kâ:more–¦f exibilit²!y“in“making“up“the“page“(see“Chapter“14“[Lengths],“page“139).ŽŸff‘Kâ:The–É@full›É?accoun²!ting“of˜the“v²!ertical“space˜bMÞet•²!w“een–É@the“baseline˜of“the˜line“priorŽ¡‘Kâ:to–êthis“sectioning“unit's“header“and“the“baseline‘ê~of“the“header“is“that“it“is“theŽ¡‘Kâ:sum–oof›o‘the“â\parskip˜áof“the˜text“fon²!t,‘zˆthe“â\baselineskip˜áof“the˜title“fon²!t,‘zˆandŽ¡‘Kâ:the–(Eabsolute“v‘ÿdDalue“of“the“åbšMÞeforeskipá.‘c{This“space“is“t²!ypically“rubb˜er“so“it“ma²!yŽ¡‘Kâ:stretc²!h–ôWor“shrink.‘ǰ(If“the“sectioning‘ôXunit“starts“on“a“fresh“page“so“that“theŽ¡‘Kâ:v²!ertical–aüspace›aýis“discarded˜then“the˜baseline“of˜the“header˜text“will˜bMÞe“whereŽ¡‘Kâ:LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fw²!ould“put“the“baseline“of“the“ rst“text“line“on“that“page.)ަ‘Gåafterskip‘[´áThis–Mis›Na“length.‘î”If“åafterskip‘VOáis“non-negativ²!e˜then“this˜is“the˜v²!ertical“spaceŽ¡‘Kâ:inserted– 3after“the“sectioning“unit's“title“header.‘ EIf“it“is“negativ²!e“then“the“titleŽ¡‘Kâ:header–"€bšMÞecomes“a“run-in“header,‘<áso“that“it‘"b˜ecomes“part“of“the“next“paragraph.Ž¡‘Kâ:In–rÿthis“case“the“absolute“v‘ÿdDalue“of“the“length“givš²!es“the“horizon˜tal“space“bMÞet˜w˜eenŽ¡‘Kâ:the–end“of“the“title“and“the“bMÞeginning“of“the“follo²!wing“paragraph.‘)Û(Note“thatŽ¡‘Kâ:the–¦fnegativ²!e“of“â1pt“plus“2pt“minus“3pt“áis“â-1pt“plus“-2pt“minus“-3ptá.)Ž©fg‘Kâ:As–"with›!åbMÞeforeskipá,‘(using“a˜rubbMÞer“length,‘(with˜âplus“áand˜âminus“ácompMÞonen²!ts,Ž¡‘Kâ:is›rugo•MÞo“d˜practice–rthere˜since˜it˜giv²!es“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜more˜ exibilit²!y˜in“putting˜togetherŽ¡‘Kâ:the‘¦fpage.ަ‘Kâ:If–y âafterskip›yáis“non-negativ²!e“then“the˜full“accoun²!ting“of“the˜v²!ertical“spaceŽ¡‘Kâ:bMÞet•²!w“een–Šthe“baseline›‹of“the“sectioning“unit's˜header“and“the“baseline˜of“the“ rstŽ¡‘Kâ:line–QTof“the“follo²!wing“paragraph›QUis“that“it“is“the“sum“of“the˜â\parskip“áof“the“titleŽ¡‘Kâ:fonš²!t,‘fthe–?ºâ\baselineskip“áof“the“text‘?¹fon˜t,‘fand“the‘?¹v‘ÿdDalue“of“åafterá.‘©ØThat“spaceŽ¡‘Kâ:is–äÈt²!ypically›äÇrubbMÞer“so˜it“ma•²!y˜stretc“h–äÈor˜shrink.‘™(Note“that˜bMÞecause“the˜sign“ofŽ¡‘Kâ:âafterskip–Y|ác²!hanges›Y}the“sectioning˜unit“header's“from˜standalone“to˜run-in,‘hÞy²!ouŽ¡‘Kâ:cannot–¦fuse“a“negativ²!e“âafterskip“áto“cancel“part“of“the“â\parskipá.)ŽŸ™›‘Gåst•²!yle‘#ÚøáCon“trols– 6the“stš²!yling“of“the“title.‘±"See“the“examples“bMÞelo˜w.‘±"T˜ypical“commands“toŽ¡‘Kâ:use–ÏPhere‘ÏOare“â\centeringá,–ÙŠâ\raggedrightá,“â\normalfontá,“â\hruleá,“or‘ÏPâ\newpageá.Ž¡‘Kâ:The–¨ last“command“in“åst•²!yle‘Eáma“y–¨ bMÞe“one‘¨that“takš²!es“one“argumen˜t,‘(qsuc˜h“asŽ¡‘Kâ:â\MakeUppercase–qõáor“â\fbox‘qöáthat“takš²!es“one“argumen˜t.‘ @‹The“section“title“willŽ¡‘Kâ:bMÞe–^supplied“as“the“argumenš²!t“to‘^this“command.‘±F‘ÿeor“instance,‘‹ésetting“åst˜yle‘û átoŽ¡‘Kâ:â\bfseries\MakeUppercase–¦fáw²!ould“prošMÞduce“titles“that“are“b˜old“and“upp˜ercase.ŽŽŒ‹.Ž Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f6:‘ÝÝSectioning’=eÕ46ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThese–d¶are“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“defaults“for“the“ rst“three“sectioning“units“that“are“de ned“withޤ 33‘Gâ\@startsectioná,–¦ffor“the“âarticleá,“âbooká,“and“âreport“áclasses.Ž©å‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áF‘ÿeor–Æsâsectioná:‘öålevš²!el‘4Åáis“1,–Îvåinden˜t‘sáis‘Ær0‘Ó7pt,“åbMÞeforeskip‘táis‘Æsâ-3.5ex–¦fplus“-1ex“minus“-0.2exá,Ž¡‘'¿«åafterskip‘ûgáis–¦fâ2.3ex“plus“0.2exá,“and“åst²!yle‘Cmáis“â\normalfont\Large\bfseriesá.ŽŸŒ!‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áF‘ÿeor–[Zâsubsectioná:‘GÆålevš²!el‘ɬáis“2,‘È—åinden˜t‘˜Záis‘[[0‘Ó7pt,‘È–åbMÞeforeskip‘°\áis“â-3.25ex–¦fplus“-1ex“minusŽ¡‘'¿«-0.2exŽ‘J=§á,–¦fåafterskip‘ûgáis“â1.5ex“plus“0.2exá,“and“åst²!yle‘Cmáis“â\normalfont\large\bfseriesá.ŽŸŒ ‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áF‘ÿeor–¦Mâsubsubsectioná:‘yšålevš²!el‘Ÿáis“3,“åinden˜t‘ãMáis“0‘Ó7pt,“åbMÞeforeskip‘ûNáis“â-3.25exŽ¡‘'¿«plus–¦f-1ex“minus“-0.2exá,–¦Måafterskip‘ûNáis“â1.5ex–¦fplus“0.2exá,–¦Mand“åst²!yle‘CTáisŽ¡‘'¿«â\normalfont\normalsize\bfseriesá.ŽŸ=ü‘!GSome–yüexamples›yûfollo²!w.‘ XžThese“go“either˜in“a˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage“or“class˜ le“or“in˜the“pream-Ž¡‘Gble–1of›2a“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜doMÞcumenš²!t.‘ Â?If“y˜ou›2put“them“in˜the“pream²!ble“they˜m²!ust“go˜bMÞet•²!w“een‘1aŽ¡‘Gâ\makeatletter–wùácommand“and›wúa“â\makeatotherá.‘R–(Probably“the˜error“message“âYou‘¦fcan tŽ¡‘Guse–¦f\spacefactor “in“vertical“mode.–Áámeans“that“y²!ou“forgot“this.)‘ .íSee“Section“12.3Ž¡‘G[â\ámakš²!eatletter–¦f&“â\ámak˜eatother],“page“116.ަ‘!GThis–will“put“section“titles“in“large“bšMÞoldface“t•²!yp˜e,‘ycen“tered.‘ >íIt›sa“ys˜â\renewcommandŽ¡‘GábMÞecause–¿xLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's›¿ystandard“classes˜ha•²!v“e–¿xalready˜de ned“a˜â\sectioná.‘)F‘ÿeor˜the“same˜reason“itŽ¡‘GdoMÞes–¦fnot“de ne“a“âsection“ácoun²!ter,“or“the“commands“â\thesection“áand“â\l@sectioná.ަ‘.ùœâ\renewcommand\section{%Ž¡‘:xð\@startsection{section}%–¿ª[ènameâ],“page“44Ž¡‘EøD{1}%–¿ª[èlevelâ],“page“44Ž¡‘EøD{0pt}%–¿ª[èindentâ],“page“45Ž¡‘EøD{-3.5ex–¿ªplus“-1ex“minus“-.2ex}%“[èbeforeskipâ],“page“45Ž¡‘EøD{2.3ex–¿ªplus.2ex}%“[èafterskipâ],“page“45Ž¡‘EøD{\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}%–¿ª[èstyleâ],“page“45Ž¡‘:xð}ŽŸå‘!GáThis–¦fwill“put“âsubsection“átitles“in“small“caps“t²!ypMÞe,“inline“with“the“paragraph.ަ‘.ùœâ\renewcommand\subsection{%Ž¡‘:xð\@startsection{subsection}%‘ T[ènameâ],–¿ªpage“44Ž¡‘EøD{2}%–¿ª[èlevelâ],“page“44Ž¡‘EøD{0em}%–¿ª[èindentâ],“page“45Ž¡‘EøD{-1ex–¿ªplus“0.1ex“minus“-0.05ex}%“[èbeforeskipâ],“page“45Ž¡‘EøD{-1em–¿ªplus“0.2em}%“[èafterskipâ],“page“45Ž¡‘EøD{\scshape}%–¿ª[èstyleâ],“page“45Ž¡‘:xð}ަ‘!GáThe–K˜prior“examples›K—rede ned“existing“sectional“unit˜title“commands.‘¿™This˜de nes“a“newŽ¡‘Gone,–¦fillustrating“the“needed“counš²!ter“and“macros“to“displa˜y“that“coun˜ter.ަ‘.ùœâ\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}%–¿ªshow“counters“this“far“downŽ¡‘.ùœ\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]%–¿ªcounter“for“numberingŽ¡‘.ùœ\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}%‘V:öhow–¿ªto“displayŽ¡‘:xð{\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c@subsubparagraph}%‘ TnumberingŽ¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsectionŽ¡’¾±6{subsubparagraph}%Ž¡’¾±6{6}%Ž¡’¾±6{0em}%ŽŽŒ‹/ iŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f6:‘ÝÝSectioning’=eÕ47ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ’¾±6â{\baselineskip}%ޤ 33’¾±6{0.5\baselineskip}%Ž¡’¾±6{\normalfont\normalsize}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand*\l@subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}%–¿ªfor“tocŽ¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}%–¿ªfor“page“headersŽŽŒ‹0­]Ÿò’¸¼Ëá48ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ7‘ ¸QCross‘z³referencesŽŽŸöù‘GáW‘ÿee›‰ often‘‰ w•²!an“t˜something‘‰ lik“e˜`âSee‘¦fTheorem~31á'.‘~¿But‘‰ b“y-hand˜t“yping˜the–‰ 31˜is“p•MÞo“or˜practice.ޤ 33‘GInstead–ÎÅy²!ou›ÎÆshould“write“a˜ålabMÞel‘=ásuc²!h“as˜â\label{eq:GreensThm}“áand“then˜åreference‘kÌáit,‘ØÝasŽ¡‘Gwith–zâSee‘¦fequation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}á.‘ÐäLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“automatically“wš²!ork‘{out“the“n˜um˜bMÞer,Ž¡‘Gput–¦fit“inš²!to“the“output,“and“will“c˜hange“that“n˜um˜bMÞer“later“if“needed.Ž©''‘.ùœâWe–¿ªwill“see“this“with“Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}.“%“forward“referenceŽ¡‘.ùœ...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{theorem}‘¿ª\label{th:GreensThm}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{theorem}Ž¡‘.ùœ...Ž¡‘.ùœSee–¿ªTheorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}“on“page~\pageref{th:GreensThm}.ŽŸ'(‘!GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–ˆtrac²!ks›‰cross“reference˜information“in˜a˜ le“ha²!ving“the˜extension“â.aux˜áand“with˜theŽ¡‘Gsame–¯base“name›®as“the“ le“con²!taining“the“â\labelá.‘·So“if“â\label“áis˜in“âcalculus.tex“áthenŽ¡‘Gthe–ùHinformation›ùGis“in˜âcalculus.auxá.‘Ö‚LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜puts“the˜information“in˜that“ 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33‘Gwith–¦fâ\begin“áand“ends“with“â\endá,“lik²!e“this:Ž©\ë‘.ùœâ\begin{èenvironment-nameâ}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{èenvironment-nameâ}ŽŸ\ì‘!GáThe›4åen•²!vironmen“t-name‘:áat˜the‘3bMÞeginning˜m“ust‘3exactly˜matc“h˜that–3at˜the“end.‘ nFF‘ÿeorŽ¡‘Ginstance,‘Ðthe–aVinput“â\begin{table*}...\end{table}›aWáwill“cause˜an“error“lik²!e:‘S¾`â!‘¦fLaTeXŽ¡‘GError:–¦f\begin{table*}“on“input“line“5“ended“by“\end{table}.á'ަ‘!GEn•²!vironmen“ts–¦fare“executed“within“a“group.ŽŸ>•‘Gëc8.1‘™ëgabstractŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{abstract}Ž¡‘.ùœ...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{abstract}ŽŸ\ì‘!GáPro•MÞduce‘ýan›üabstract,‘”yp“ossibly˜of–ýmš²!ultiple“paragraphs.‘ÖdThis“en˜vironmen˜t“is‘üonly“de nedŽ¡‘Gin–“the“âarticle“áand“âreport“ádošMÞcumen²!t“classes‘“Œ(see“Chapter“3“[Do˜cumen²!t“classes],‘—Rpage“10).ަ‘!GUsing– ‹the“example“bšMÞelo²!w‘ Œin“the“âarticle“áclass“pro˜duces“a“displa•²!y“ed‘ Œparagraph.‘ 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T&x-iŽ¡‘EøD\end{array}Ž¡‘4¹F\right|Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{displaymath}ŽŸ]‘!GáThe–Ôrequired›Ô€argumen²!t“åcols‘HádescribMÞes˜the“n•²!um“bMÞer˜of–Ôcolumns,›àtheir“alignmen²!t,˜and“theŽ¡‘Gformatting–xof›ythe“in²!tercolumn˜regions.‘­9F‘ÿeor“instance,‘1¨â\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}Ž¡‘Gágiv²!es›²™three–²šcolumns:‘öCthe“ rst˜ ush˜righ•²!t,‘µ§the˜second˜cen“tered,‘µ§and˜the˜third‘²š ush˜left.‘wSeeŽ¡‘GSection–Ò¿8.23“[tabular],‘ýpage“87,‘ýfor›Ò¾the“complete“description“of“åcols‘FAáand˜of“the“other“commonŽ¡‘Gfeatures–¦fof“the“t•²!w“o›¦fen“vironmen“ts,˜including˜the˜optional˜åpMÞos‘èáargumen“t.ަ‘!GThere›ÿãare‘ÿât•²!w“o˜w“a“ys˜that‘ÿââarray˜ádiv“erges˜from˜âtabulará.‘êSThe–ÿâ rst˜is˜that“âarray˜áen²!triesŽ¡‘Gare–Û$t²!ypMÞeset›Û#in“math˜moMÞde,‘èSin“textst²!yle˜(see“Section˜16.7“[Math˜st²!yles],‘èSpage“176)˜except“ifŽ¡‘Gthe–äÈåcols‘XKáde nition“spMÞeci es“the›äÉcolumn“with“âp{...}á,‘ôawhic²!h“causes˜the“en²!try“to˜bšMÞe“t²!yp˜esetŽ¡‘Gin–³text“moMÞde.‘äThe“second“is“that,›ö>instead“of“âtabulará's“parameter“â\tabcolsepá,˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X'sŽ¡‘Ginš²!tercolumn–_ˆspace“in“an“âarray“áis“go˜v˜erned“b˜y“â\arraycolsepá,‘Ðwhic˜h“giv˜es“half“the“widthŽ¡‘GbMÞet•²!w“een–‰columns.‘ÔThe“default“for“this›‰is“`â5ptá'“so“that˜bMÞet•²!w“een›‰t“w“o˜columns˜comes‘‰10‘Ó7pt˜ofŽ¡‘Gspace.ަ‘!GT‘ÿeo–ó5obtain“arra²!ys“with›ó6braces“the“standard“is“to“use“the“âamsmath˜ápac²!k‘ÿdDage.‘ÄJIt“comesŽ¡‘Gwith›ÏZen•²!vironmen“ts˜âpmatrix‘ÏYáfor˜an˜arra“y˜surrounded‘ÏYb“y˜paren“theses˜â(...)á,‘–âbmatrix˜áforŽŽŒ‹6ÜCŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß54ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gan–åàarraš²!y“surrounded“b˜y“square“brac˜k˜ets“â[...]á,‘õ¿âBmatrix“áfor“an“arra˜y“surrounded“b˜y“curlyޤ 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X“list“en•²!vironmen“ts,›c~see–=­Section“8.14“[itemize],˜page“64,˜and“Sec-Ž¡‘Gtion–l€8.7‘l[enš²!umerate],‘žpage“58.‘0*Unlik˜e‘lthose“en˜vironmen˜ts,‘žnesting‘lâdescription“áen˜viron-Ž¡‘Gmenš²!ts–¦fdoMÞes“not“c˜hange“the“default“labšMÞel;“it“is“b˜oldface“and“ ush“left“at“all“lev²!els.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–*Æinformation“abMÞout“list›*Çla•²!y“out–*Æparameters,‘Cincluding˜the“default“v‘ÿdDalues,‘C€and“for“infor-Ž¡‘Gmation–ÒýabMÞout›Òücustomizing“list˜la•²!y“out,‘ýEsee–ÒýSection˜8.16“[list],‘ýEpage˜65.‘—eThe˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage“âenumitemŽ¡‘Gáis–¦fuseful“for“customizing“lists.ŽŸ1Œ‘!GThis–¦fexample“c²!hanges“the“description“labMÞels“to“small“caps.ަ‘.ùœâ\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{%Ž¡‘:xð{\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}}ŽŸ}‡‘Gëc8.5‘™ëgdisplaymathŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸ1Œ‘.ùœâ\begin{displaymath}Ž¡‘:xðèmathematical‘¿ªtextŽ¡‘.ùœâ\end{displaymath}ަ‘!GáEn•²!vironmen“t–6›to“t²!ypMÞeset›6šthe“åmathematical“text‘s›áon“its˜o²!wn“line,‘š¨in˜displaš²!y“st˜yle“andŽ¡‘Gcen•²!tered.‘ 1T‘ÿeo›lòmak“e–lñthe˜text˜bMÞe˜ 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nition“ofަ‘Gthe–¦fâredlabel“áen•²!vironmen“t.Ž¡‘!GAlso–#voften“in›#uåspacing‘Žáare“commands“to“rede ne“the˜spacing“for“the“list.‘ U Belo²!w“areަ‘Gthe–›spacing››parameters“with“their“default˜v›ÿdDalues.‘Ú(Default“v˜alues“for‘›derivš²!ed“en˜vironmen˜tsަ‘Gsucš²!h–Ôµas“âitemize‘Ô´ácan“bMÞe“di eren˜t“than“the“v‘ÿdDalues‘Ô´sho˜wn“here.)‘hÊSee“also‘Ô´the“ gure“thatަ‘Gfollo•²!ws›¦dthe‘¦elist.‘ÝÜEac“h˜is–¦ea˜length˜(see˜Chapter“14˜[Lengths],“page˜139).‘ÝÜThe“v²!ertical˜spacesަ‘Gare–9snormally›9rrubbMÞer“lengths,‘ž5with“âplus“áand˜âminus“ácompMÞonenš²!ts,‘ž5to“giv˜e‘9rT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“ exibilit˜yŽŽŒ‹CtóŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß67ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gin–’ksetting›’lthe“page.‘¡íChange˜eac²!h“with“a˜command“suc²!h˜as“â\setlength{\itemsep}{2ptޤ 33‘Gplus1pt–¦fminus1pt}á.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“some“e ects“these“lengths“should“bMÞe“zero“or“negativ²!e.ŽŸ£Ø‘Gâ\itemindentŽ¡‘Kâ:áExtra–ý horizonš²!tal‘ý space“inden˜tation,‘êbMÞey˜ond“âleftmarginá,‘êof‘ý the“eac˜h‘ý item's“ 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X'sŽ¡‘Kâ:`âarticleá',–¦f`âbooká',“and“`âreportá'“classes“is“â0.5emá.ŽŸ(ö‘Gâ\labelwidthŽ¡‘Kâ:áHorizonš²!tal–Jùwidth.‘ Ë–The“bMÞo˜x“con˜taining“the‘JúlabMÞel“is“nominally“this“wide.‘ Ë–IfŽ¡‘Kâ:â\makelabel–Ú=áreturns›Úob‘›»jects“will˜bšMÞe“describ˜ed“b˜elo²!w.‘SgThe›x>â\put“ácommand˜creates“an“åLR‘xbMÞo²!x‘9žá(seeŽ¡‘GChapter›&17–&[MoMÞdes],‘?³page“179).‘³An²!ything“that˜can˜go˜in“an˜â\mbox˜á(see˜Section“20.1˜[â\ám•²!bMÞo“xŽ¡‘G&›Bâ\ámak•²!ebMÞo“x],‘“ãpage–A199)˜can˜go˜in˜the˜text“argumen²!t˜of˜the˜â\put˜ácommand.‘Ö&The˜referenceŽ¡‘GpšMÞoin²!t–¦fwill“b˜e“the“lo•²!w“er–¦fleft“corner“of“the“b˜o²!x.‘ÝÝIn“this“pictureަ‘.ùœâ\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}Ž¡‘.ùœ...\begin{picture}(1,1)Ž¡‘:xð\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}Ž¡‘:xð\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{picture}ŽŽŒ‹LÝΟò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß76ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gthe–qÕthree“dots“are‘qÖjust“slighš²!tly“left“of“the“pMÞoin˜t‘qÖof“the“angle“formed“b˜y“the“t˜w˜o‘qÖlines.‘ÌW(Also,ޤ 33‘Gâ\line(1,1){1}–¯ªádoMÞes›¯«not“call“for˜a“line“of˜length“one;‘´Lrather˜the“line“has˜a“c²!hange“in˜the“xŽ¡‘GcoMÞordinate–¦fof“1.)Ž©66‘!GThe–¦fâ\multiputá,“âqbezierá,“and“âgraphpaper“ácommands“are“describšMÞed“b˜elo²!w.ŽŸ67‘!GY›ÿeou–©=can“also“use“this“en•²!vironmen“t–©=to“place‘©>arbitrary“material“at“an“exact“loMÞcation.‘æbF˜orŽ¡‘Gexample:ަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{color,graphicx}‘ T%–¿ªin“preambleŽ¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{center}Ž¡‘.ùœ\setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{picture}(1,1)‘"}ü%–¿ªleave“space,“\textwidth“wide“and“tallŽ¡‘:xð\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{desertedisland.jpg}}Ž¡‘:xð\put(0.25,0.35){\textcolor{red}{X–¿ªTreasure“here}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{picture}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ŽŸ67‘GáThe–#­red“X‘# will“bMÞe“precisely“a“quarter“of“the“â\textwidth“áfrom“the“left“margin,‘ÂþandŽ¡‘Gâ0.35\textwidth–±áup›²from“the˜bMÞottom“of˜the“picture.‘=¿Another˜example“of˜this“usage˜is“toŽ¡‘Gput–¦fsimilar“cošMÞde“in“the“page“header“to“get“rep˜eat“material“on“eac²!h“of“a“do˜cumen²!t's“pages.ŽŸ‘Gëm8.19.1‘d(ëp\putŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\put(èxcoordâ,èycoordâ){ècontentâ}ŽŸ67‘!GáPlace›Æ¥åcon•²!ten“t‘¤áat˜the‘Ƥco•MÞordinate˜(åxco“ordá,åyco“ordnRá).‘>™See˜the–Ƥdiscussion˜of“coMÞordinates˜andŽ¡‘Gâ\unitlength–´báin›´aSection“8.19˜[picture],‘·ápage“74.‘ÏThe“åcon•²!ten“t‘ñbáis˜pro•MÞcessed‘´bin˜LR‘´^mo“de‘´b(seeŽ¡‘GChapter–¦f17“[MoMÞdes],“page“179)“so“it“cannot“con²!tain“line“breaks.ަ‘!GThis–¦fincludes“the“text“in²!to“the“âpictureá.ŽŸ67‘.ùœâ\put(4.5,2.5){Apply–¿ªthe“\textit{unpoke}“move}ަ‘!GáThe–C‰reference‘CˆpšMÞoin²!t,‘jÑthe“lo˜cation“(4.5,2.5),‘jÑis›Cˆthe“lo•²!w“er–C‰left˜of“the“text,‘jÑat˜the“bMÞottomŽ¡‘Gleft–¦fof“the“`âAá'.ŽŸ‘Gëm8.19.2‘d(ëp\multiputŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸ67‘.ùœâ\multiput(èxâ,èyâ)(èdelta_xâ,èdelta_yâ){ènum-copiesâ}{èobjâ}ަ‘!GáCopš²!y–höåob‘›»j‘ÊÜáa“total“of“ån˜um-copies‘Üxátimes,‘™šwith“an“incremen˜t“of“ådelta‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ–Ñtx,delta‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ“yá.‘%The‘höåob‘›»jŽ¡‘Gá rst–¦fappšMÞears“at“p˜osition“(éx;›Ó1yd“á),“then“at“(éx–nìá+“韤zó 0e—rcmmi7´xŽ‘äé;˜y‘Óá+“韤z´yŽ‘·á),–¦fand“so“on.ŽŸ67‘!GThis–]¤dra²!ws›]£a“simple˜grid“with“ev²!ery˜ fth“line˜in“bMÞold“(see˜also“Section˜8.19.4“[â\ágraphpa-Ž¡‘GpMÞer],–¦fpage“77).ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{picture}(10,10)Ž¡‘:xð\linethickness{0.05mm}Ž¡‘:xð\multiput(0,0)(1,0){10}{\line(0,1){10}}Ž¡‘:xð\multiput(0,0)(0,1){10}{\line(1,0){10}}Ž¡‘:xð\linethickness{0.5mm}Ž¡‘:xð\multiput(0,0)(5,0){3}{\line(0,1){10}}Ž¡‘:xð\multiput(0,0)(0,5){3}{\line(1,0){10}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{picture}ŽŽŒ‹MîLŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß77ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm8.19.3‘d(ëp\qbezierŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤ¨;‘.ùœâ\qbezier(èx1â,èy1â)(èx2â,èy2â)(èx3â,èy3â)Ž© 33‘.ùœ\qbezier[ènumâ](èx1â,èy1â)(èx2â,èy2â)(èx3â,èy3â)Ž¡‘!GáDraš²!w– °a“quadratic‘ ¯Bezier“curv˜e“whose“con˜trol‘ ¯pMÞoin˜ts“are“giv˜en“b˜y‘ ¯the“three“requiredަ‘Gargumen²!ts–²3â(èx1â,èy1â)á,›ã â(èx2â,èy2â)á,‘ã and“â(èx3â,èy3â)á.‘ŒwThat“is,˜the‘²4curv²!e“runs“from“å(x1,y1)‘Ù#áto“å(x3,y3)á,ަ‘Gis–C¢quadratic,‘jðand›C¡is“suc²!h“that˜the“tangen²!t˜line“at˜å(x1,y1)‘j‘ápasses“through˜å(x2,y2)á,‘jðas“doMÞesަ‘Gthe–¦ftangen²!t“line“at“å(x3,y3)á.Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fdraš²!ws“a“curv˜e“from“the“coMÞordinate“(1,1)“to“(1,0).ŽŸ¨:‘.ùœâ\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)Ž¡‘GáThe–b]curvš²!e's“tangen˜t‘b^line“at“(1,1)“con˜tains‘b^(1.25,0.75),‘‘[as“doMÞes“the“curv˜e's‘b^tangen˜t“line“atަ‘G(1,0).Ž¡‘!GThe–uŒoptional“argumenš²!t“ån˜um‘u‹ágiv˜es“the“n˜um˜bMÞer“of“calculated“in˜termediate‘u‹pMÞoin˜ts.‘KOTheަ‘Gdefault–’‰is“to“draš²!w“a“smoMÞoth“curv˜e‘’ˆwhose“maxim˜um“n˜um˜bšMÞer“of“p˜oinš²!ts“is“â\qbeziermax“á(c˜hangeަ‘Gthis–¦fv‘ÿdDalue“with“â\renewcommandá).Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fdraš²!ws“a“rectangle“with“a“w˜a˜vy“top,“using“â\qbezier“áfor“that“curv˜e.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{picture}(8,4)ަ‘:xð\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}}‘ T%–¿ªx“axisަ‘:xð\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}}‘ T%–¿ªy“axisަ‘:xð\put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}}‘(=¦%–¿ªleft“sideަ‘:xð\put(4,0){\line(0,1){3.5}}‘¾R%–¿ªright“sideަ‘:xð\qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)ަ‘EøD\qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)ަ‘:xð\thicklines‘aºJ%–¿ªbelow“here,“lines“are“twice“as“thickަ‘:xð\put(2,3){\line(4,1){2}}ަ‘:xð\put(4.5,2.5){\framebox{Trapezoidal‘¿ªRule}}ަ‘.ùœ\end{picture}ŽŸu‘Gëm8.19.4‘d(ëp\graphpaperŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\graphpaper(èx_initâ,èy_initâ)(èx_dimenâ,èy_dimenâ)ަ‘.ùœ\graphpaper[èspacingâ](èx_initâ,èy_initâ)(èx_dimenâ,èy_dimenâ)ŽŸ¨:‘!GáDra²!w–žÈa›žÇcoMÞordinate“grid.‘…ýRequires“the˜âgraphpap“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage.‘…þThe˜grid's“origin˜is“â(èx_initâ,èy_ަ‘Ginitâ)á.‘gÃGrid–Ô]lines“come“ev²!ery›Ô^åspacing‘Äuáunits“(the“default“is˜10).‘gÂThe˜grid“extends“åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtdimenަ‘Gáunits–¦fto“the“righš²!t“and“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtdimen“áunits“up.‘ÝÝAll“argumen˜ts“m˜ust“bšMÞe“p˜ositivš²!e“in˜tegers.Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fmakš²!e“a“grid“with“sev˜en“v˜ertical“lines“and“elev˜en“horizon˜tal“lines.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\usepackage{graphpap}‘þ¨%–¿ªin“preambleަ‘:xð...ަ‘.ùœ\begin{picture}(6,20)‘þ¨%–¿ªin“document“bodyަ‘:xð\graphpaper[2](0,0)(12,20)ަ‘.ùœ\end{picture}Ž¡‘GáThe–¦flines“are“n•²!um“bMÞered›¦fev“ery˜ten˜units.ŽŽŒ‹Nù—Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß78ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm8.19.5‘d(ëp\lineŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤ ‘.ùœâ\line(èx_runâ,èy_riseâ){ètravelâ}Ž¡‘!GáDraš²!w–sœa“line.‘ÌïIt‘sslopMÞes“suc˜h“that“it“v˜ertically“rises“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtrise‘£áfor‘sev˜ery“horizon˜tal“åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtruná.‘ÌïTheޤ 33‘Gåtra•²!v“el‘˜óáis–*¡the‘*¢total“horizonš²!tal“c˜hange|it“is“not“the‘*¢length“of“the“v˜ector,‘Cbit“is“the‘*¢c˜hange“in“éxá.Ž¡‘GIn–•the›”spMÞecial“case˜of“v²!ertical˜lines,›’‹where“(åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ–Ñtruná,åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ“rise‘á)=(0,1),˜the›”åtra•²!v“el‘ûçágiv“es˜the‘•c“hangeŽ¡‘Gin‘¦féyd“á.Ž© ‘!GThis–¦fdra²!ws“a“line“starting“at“coMÞordinates“(1,3).ޤ ‘.ùœâ\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}}Ž¡‘GáF‘ÿeor–þIevš²!ery“o˜v˜er“2,‘éthis“line“will“go“up“5.‘¥ÓBecause“åtra˜v˜el‘l›áspšMÞeci es“that“this“go˜es“o•²!v“er‘þJ4,‘èit‘þIm“ustޤ 33‘Ggo–º“up“10.‘cThš²!us“its‘º’endpMÞoin˜t“is“(1é;›Ó1á3)–|_+“(4é;˜á10)–,G=“(5é;˜á13).‘cIn–º“particular,‘¿žnote“that‘º’åtra•²!v“elŽ‘"oá=‘,G4Ž¡‘Gis–¦fnot“the“length“of“the“line,“it“is“the“c²!hange“in“éxá.ŽŸ ‘!GThe–ؘargumen²!ts“åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ›Ñtrun‘Ø—áand“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ˜rise‘uŸáare“in²!tegers‘Ø—that“can“bšMÞe“p˜ositiv•²!e,‘%#negativ“e,‘%$or‘ؘzero.Ž¡‘G(If–ÛmbMÞoth“are“0‘Ûnthen“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“treats“the“second“as“1.)‘|óWith“â\put(èx_initâ,èy_initâ){\line(èx_Ž¡‘Grunâ,èy_riseâ){ètravelâ}}á,‘tif–gƒåx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtrun“áis“negativš²!e“then“the“line's‘g„ending“pMÞoin˜t“has“a“ rst“coMÞordi-Ž¡‘Gnate–·that›·žis“less“than˜åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ›Ñtinitá.‘ƒIf“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ˜rise‘T¥áis“negativ²!e“then›·žthe“line's˜ending“pMÞoin²!t“has˜a“secondŽ¡‘GcoMÞordinate–¦fthat“is“less“than“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtinitá.ަ‘!GIf›¦fåtra•²!v“el‘¸áis˜negativ“e˜then˜y“ou˜get˜âLaTeX˜Error:˜Bad˜\line˜or˜\vector˜argument.ŽŸ ‘!GáStandard–óäLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“can“only“dra²!w“lines“with“a‘óålimited“range“of“slopšMÞes“b˜ecause“these“lines“areŽ¡‘Gmade– b²!y› putting“together˜line“segmen²!ts˜from“pre-made˜fon•²!ts.‘ÖiThe˜t“w“o‘ n“um“bMÞers˜åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtrun‘ áandŽ¡‘Gåy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtrise‘â<ám•²!ust›E4ha“v“e‘E5in“teger˜v‘ÿdDalues–E5from˜êá6“through˜6.‘ºIAlso,‘lèthey˜m²!ust“bMÞe˜relativ²!ely“prime,Ž¡‘Gso–H‹that“å(x‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ–Ñtrun,y‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ“rise)‘oyácan–H‹bMÞe“(2,1)“but“not“(4,2)‘HŠ(if“yš²!ou“c˜hoMÞose“the“latter‘HŠthen“instead“ofŽ¡‘Glines–åßy²!ou›åÞget“sequences“of˜arro²!wheads;‘…›the“solution˜is“to˜switc²!h“to“the˜former).‘œGT‘ÿeo“getŽ¡‘Glines–âLof“arbitrary“slopšMÞe“and“plen•²!t“y‘âMof–âLother“shap˜es“in“a“system“likš²!e“âpictureá,‘ñFsee“the“pac˜k-Ž¡‘Gage–{ƒâpict2e“á(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/pict2eá).‘]5Another“solution“is“to‘{„use“a“full-featuredŽ¡‘Ggraphics–¦fsystem“sucš²!h“as“TikZ,“PST‘ÿeric˜ks,“MetaP˜ost,“or“Asymptote.ŽŸÙš‘Gëm8.19.6‘d(ëp\linethicknessŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\linethickness{èdimâ}ŽŸ ‘!GáDeclares–2Óthe›2Òthic²!kness“of˜subsequenš²!t“horizon˜tal‘2Òand“v˜ertical›2Òlines“in˜a“picture˜to“bMÞeŽ¡‘Gådimá,‘Áwhic•²!h›»Àm“ust˜b•MÞe˜a˜p“ositiv²!e˜length˜(see˜Chapter˜14˜[Lengths],‘Ápage˜139).‘ëIt˜di ers˜fromŽ¡‘Gâ\thinlines–¶ áand“â\thicklines“áin›¶ that“it“doMÞes“not“a ect“the“thic²!kness˜of“slan²!ted“lines,‘æcircles,Ž¡‘Gor–¦foš²!v‘ÿdDals“(see“Section“8.19.10“[â\áo˜v‘ÿdDal],“page“79).ŽŸÙš‘Gëm8.19.7‘d(ëp\thinlinesŽŽ©³3‘GáDeclaration–¡=to“set“the“thicš²!kness“of“subsequen˜t“lines,‘¢Fcircles,‘¢Eand“o˜v‘ÿdDals“in“a“picture“en˜viron-Ž¡‘Gmen²!t–¯ato›¯`bMÞe“0.4‘Ó7pt.‘øÍThis“is˜the“default“thic²!kness,‘ñŸso˜this“command“is˜unnecessary“unlessŽ¡‘Gthe––ñthicš²!kness“has‘–òbMÞeen“c˜hanged“with“either“Section“8.19.6‘–ò[â\álinethic˜kness],‘špage“78,‘š or“Sec-Ž¡‘Gtion–¦f8.19.8“[â\áthic²!klines],“page“78.ŽŸÙ›‘Gëm8.19.8‘d(ëp\thicklinesŽŽ¦‘GáDeclaration–¹Xto›¹Wset“the“thic²!kness˜of“subsequen²!t“lines,‘þcircles,‘þand˜o²!v‘ÿdDals“in“a˜picture“en²!vi-Ž¡‘Gronmen²!t–êto›ébMÞe“0.8‘Ó7pt.‘)gSee“also“Section˜8.19.6“[â\álinethic²!kness],›0Špage“78,˜and‘éSection“8.19.7ŽŽŒ‹O Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß79ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘G[â\áthinlines],‘¨ page–AO78.‘ ®™This›APcommand“is“illustrated“in˜the“T‘ÿerapMÞezoidal“Rule˜example“ofޤ 33‘GSection–¦f8.19.3“[â\áqbMÞezier],“page“77.ŽŸÝQ‘Gëm8.19.9‘d(ëp\circleŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:Ž©!Ü‘.ùœâ\circle{èdiameterâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\circle*{èdiameterâ}ަ‘!GáProMÞduces–ç§a›ç¦circle“with“a˜diameter“as“close˜as“pMÞossible“to˜the“spMÞeci ed“one.‘¡ŸThe˜â*“áformŽ¡‘GproMÞduces–¦fa“ lled-in“circle.ŽŸ!Û‘!GThis–¦fdraš²!ws“a“circle“of“radius“6,“cen˜tered“at“â(5,7)á.ަ‘.ùœâ\put(5,7){\circle{6}}ަ‘!GáThe–o´a²!v‘ÿdDailable›oµradii“for“â\circle˜áare,–z¤in˜pMÞoin²!ts,“the˜ev•²!en›o´n“um“bMÞers˜from‘oµ2˜to˜20,‘z¥inclusiv“e.Ž¡‘GF‘ÿeor–¦fâ\circle*“áthey“are“all“the“in²!tegers“from“1“to“15.ŽŸÝQ‘Gëm8.19.10‘d(ëp\ovalŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\oval(èwidthâ,èheightâ)Ž¡‘.ùœ\oval(èwidthâ,èheightâ)[èportionâ]ŽŸ!Û‘!GáProMÞduce–þ%–¿ªx“axisŽŽŒ‹P¨Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß80ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘@8šâ\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}}‘>þ%‘¿ªyޤ 33‘@8š\put(-0.2,2){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\‘¿ªaxis}}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{picture}Ž©à‘GáF‘ÿeor–Ía“short“stacš²!k,‘-çthe“reference“pMÞoin˜t“is“the“lo˜w˜er“left“of“the“stac˜k.‘#In“the“abMÞo˜v˜e“exampleŽ¡‘Gthe–Ûhâ\makebox›Ûiá(see“Section“20.1“[â\ám•²!bMÞo“x˜&‘Ûhâ\ámak“ebMÞo“x],‘è¨page˜199)–Ûhputs“the“stac²!k˜ ush“righ²!tŽ¡‘Gin–¦fa“zero“width“bMÞoš²!x“so“in“total“the“short“stac˜k“sits“sligh˜tly“to“the“left“of“the“éy‘ ùáaxis.ŽŸà‘!GThe–¦fv‘ÿdDalid“pMÞositions“are:ŽŸ6f‘Gâr‘4IáMakš²!e–¦fob‘›»jects“ ush“righ˜tŽŸà‘Gâl‘4IáMak²!e–¦fob‘›»jects“ ush“leftŽŸà‘Gâc‘4IáCen²!ter–¦fob‘›»jects“(default)ŽŸ6g‘!GSeparate–Çob‘›»jects“inš²!to“lines“with“â\\á.‘“gThese“stac˜ks‘Çare“short“in“that,‘ó±unlik˜e“in“a“âtabular“áorŽ¡‘Gâarray›e8áen•²!vironmen“t,‘rBhere˜the˜ro“ws˜are–e9not˜spaced˜out˜to“bMÞe˜of˜ev•²!en˜baseline˜skips.‘È$Th“us,‘rAinŽ¡‘Gâ\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}–Äáthe“ rst›Ä and“last“ro²!ws“are“taller˜than“the“middle“t•²!w“o,‘ñaand‘Äthere-Ž¡‘Gfore–Ö'the›Ö&baseline“skip˜bMÞet•²!w“een–Ö'the“t•²!w“o˜middle‘Ö'ro“ws˜is–Ö'smaller“than˜that“bMÞet•²!w“een˜the‘Ö'thirdŽ¡‘Gand–ßlast“roš²!w.‘‰'Y‘ÿeou“can“adjust“ro˜w“heigh˜ts“and“depths“either“b˜y‘ß~putting“in“the“usual“in˜ter-Ž¡‘Gline–­Îspacing›­Íwith“â\shortstack{X\\–¦f\strut“o\\o\\X}˜á(see–­ÎSection˜19.13“[â\ástrut],‘ß…page“195),Ž¡‘Gor–vŽexplicitly‘ÿe,‘€via“an“zero-width“bMÞoš²!x‘vâ\shortstack{X–¦f\\“\rule{0pt}{12pt}“o\\o\\X}–vŽáor“b˜yŽ¡‘Gusing–¦fâ\\á's“optional“argumen²!t“â\shortstack{X\\[2pt]“o\\o\\X}á.ަ‘!GThe–¦fâ\shortstack“ácommand“is“also“aš²!v‘ÿdDailable“outside“the“âpicture“áen˜vironmen˜t.ŽŸ¬Í‘Gëm8.19.12‘d(ëp\vectorŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸà‘.ùœâ\vector(èx_runâ,èy_riseâ){ètravelâ}ަ‘!GáDraš²!w–3qa“line“ending‘3pin“an“arro˜w.‘„þThe“slopMÞe›3pof“that“line“is:‘÷óit˜v²!ertically“rises“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtrise‘ÐxáforŽ¡‘Gev•²!ery›Œhorizon“tal‘åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtruná.‘¯•The˜åtra“v“el‘‰Þáis–the˜total“horizon•²!tal˜c“hange|it–is˜not“the˜length“of˜theŽ¡‘Gvš²!ector,‘ªþit–ªis‘ªthe“c˜hange“in›ªéxá.‘èãIn“the“spMÞecial˜case“of“v•²!ertical˜v“ectors,‘ªþif‘ª(åx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ–Ñtruná,åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ“rise‘á)=(0,1),Ž¡‘Gthen›¦fåtra•²!v“el‘¸ágiv“es˜the˜c“hange˜in˜éyd“á.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–¦fan“example“see“Section“8.19“[picture],“page“74.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–melabMÞoration“on‘måx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ›Ñtrun“áand“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ˜rise‘ ásee“Section“8.19.5‘m[â\áline],›žªpage“78.‘1³As“there,˜theŽ¡‘Gv‘ÿdDalues–…¶of‘…µåx‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ›Ñtrun“áand“åy‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ˜rise‘"½áare›…µlimited.‘ÒøF‘ÿeor“â\vector˜áyš²!ou“m˜ust“c˜hoMÞoses“in˜tegers‘…µbMÞet˜w˜een“êá4Ž¡‘Gand›p4,–®-inclusiv²!e.‘vpAlso,“the˜t•²!w“o‘py“ou˜c“hoMÞose˜m“ust‘pbMÞe˜relativ“ely˜prime.‘vpTh“us,‘®-â\vector(2,1){4}Ž¡‘Gáis–“êacceptable›“ëbut“â\vector(4,2){4}“áis˜not“(if“y²!ou“use˜the“latter“then˜y²!ou“get“a˜sequence“ofŽ¡‘Garro²!wheads).ŽŸ¬Î‘Gëm8.19.13‘d(ëp\makebox‘íMëm(picture)ŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\makebox(èrec-widthâ,èrec-heightâ){ètextâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\makebox(èrec-widthâ,èrec-heightâ)[èpositionâ]{ètextâ}ަ‘!GáMak•²!e›ÿ­a‘ÿ®bMÞo“x˜to˜hold–ÿ®åtextá.‘é³This˜command“ ts˜with˜the“âpicture˜áen•²!vironmen“t,‘ÿalthoughŽ¡‘Gy²!ou–pcan›puse“it˜outside“of“there,‘¢ybMÞecause“årec-width“áand˜årec-heigh•²!t‘­áare˜n“um“b•MÞers‘psp“ecifyingŽ¡‘Gdistances–yÏin“terms›yÎof“the“â\unitlength“á(see˜Section“8.19“[picture],‘µípage“74).‘yªThis“command“isŽ¡‘Gsimilar–éÒto“the›éÑnormal“â\makebox“ácommand“(see“Section“20.1˜[â\ám•²!bšMÞo“x–éÒ&“â\ámak•²!eb˜o“x],‘‰page‘éÒ199)ŽŽŒ‹QZŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß81ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gexcept–ßhere“that‘àyš²!ou“m˜ust“spMÞecify“the“width‘àand“heigh˜t.‘ðHThis“command‘àis“fragile“(seeŽ© 33‘GSection–¦f12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ޤŸ¿‘!GThis–¦fmakš²!es“a“bMÞo˜x“of“length“3.5“times“â\unitlength“áand“heigh˜t“4“times“â\unitlengthá.ŽŸŸ¾‘.ùœâ\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}}Ž¡‘!GáThe–D7optional“argumen²!t›D8èposition“áspMÞeci es“where“in˜the“bšMÞo²!x“the“åtext‘7áapp˜ears.‘ ·QTheަ‘Gdefault–$Âis›$Ãto“cen•²!ter˜it,‘DYbMÞoth˜horizon“tally‘$Âand˜v“ertically–ÿe.‘XòT“o˜place–$Âit˜somewhere“else,‘DZuse“aަ‘Gstring–¦fwith“one“or“t•²!w“o–¦fof“these“letters.ޤ J‘Gât‘4IáPuts–¦fåtext‘ãfáthe“top“of“the“bMÞo²!x.Ž¡‘Gâb‘4IáPut–¦fåtext‘ãfáat“the“bMÞottom.Ž¡‘Gâl‘4IáPut–¦fåtext‘ãfáon“the“left.Ž¡‘Gâr‘4IáPut–¦fåtext‘ãfáon“the“righ²!t.ŽŸÙ‘Gëm8.19.14‘d(ëp\framebox‘íMëm(picture)ŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤŸ¿‘.ùœâ\framebox(èrec-widthâ,èrec-heightâ){ètextâ}ަ‘.ùœ\framebox(èrec-widthâ,èrec-heightâ)[èpositionâ]{ètextâ}ŽŸŸ¾‘!GáThis–3Œis›3‹the“same˜as“Section˜8.19.13“[â\ámak•²!ebMÞo“x˜(picture)],‘VÕpage–3Œ80,‘VÔexcept“that˜it“putsަ‘Ga–7Pframe›7Oaround“the˜outside“of“the˜bMÞo²!x“that“it˜creates.‘šThe“reference˜pMÞoin²!t“is˜the“bMÞottomަ‘Gleft–ú¦corner“of“the“frame.‘ÚThis“command‘ú¥ ts“with“the“âpicture“áen•²!vironmen“t,‘¶although‘ú¦y“ouަ‘Gcan–Suse›Sit“outside˜of“there,‘~;bMÞecause“lengths˜are“n•²!um“b•MÞers‘Ssp“ecifying˜the–Sdistance˜in“termsަ‘Gof–ðÃthe›ðÄâ\unitlength“á(see˜Section“8.19˜[picture],‘CZpage˜74).‘¼õThis˜command“is˜fragile“(seeަ‘GSection–¦f12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fexample“creates“a“frame“2.5“incš²!hes“b˜y“3“inc˜hes“and“puts“the“text“in“the“cen˜ter.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}ަ‘.ùœ\framebox(2.5,3){test‘¿ªtext}ŽŸŸ¾‘!GáThe–[ûrequired“argumenš²!ts‘[üare“that“the“rectangle“has“o˜v˜erall‘[üwidth“årect-width“áunits“andަ‘Gheigh•²!t‘¦fårect-heigh“t‘ãfáunits.Ž¡‘!GThe–ÚÖoptional‘ÚÕargumen²!t“åpšMÞosition“ásp˜eci es‘ÚÕthe“p˜osition“of›ÚÕåtext=á;‘±see“Section˜8.19.13“[â\ámak²!e-ަ‘GbMÞoš²!x–¦f(picture)],“page“80,“for“the“v‘ÿdDalues“that“it“can“tak˜e.ŽŸŸ¾‘!GThe–è“rule›è’has“thic²!kness˜â\fboxrule“áand“there˜is“a“blank˜space“â\fboxsep˜ábMÞet•²!w“een‘è“theަ‘Gframe–¦fand“the“con•²!ten“ts–¦fof“the“bMÞo²!x.Ž¡‘!GF‘ÿeor–]_this‘]^command,‘‹yš²!ou“m˜ust›]^spMÞecify“the˜åwidth“áand˜åheigh•²!tá.‘ÇIf˜y“ou‘]_w“an“t˜to–]_just˜put“aަ‘Gframe–™Ðaround“some“con•²!ten“ts–™Ðwhose“dimension“is‘™Ïdetermined“in“some“other“w•²!a“y–™Ðthen“eitherަ‘Guse–ŠÂâ\fbox›ŠÃá(see“Section“20.2“[â\áfbMÞo²!x˜&“â\áframebMÞo²!x],‘Ipage˜200)“or“â\frame“á(see˜Section“8.19.15ަ‘G[â\áframe],–¦fpage“81).ŽŸÙ‘Gëm8.19.15‘d(ëp\frameŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸŸ¾‘.ùœâ\frame{ècontentsâ}Ž¡‘!GáPuts–Pna›Porectangular“frame˜around“åcon•²!ten“tsá.‘Á5The˜reference›PnpMÞoin“t˜is–Pothe˜bMÞottom“left˜cornerަ‘Gof– the“frame.‘ªIn“conš²!trast“to“â\framebox“á(see“Section“8.19.14“[â\áframebMÞo˜x“(picture)],‘*)page“81),ަ‘Gthis–èecommand“puts“no“extra“space“bMÞet•²!w“een–èethe“frame“and“the“ob‘›»ject.‘£ÚIt“is“fragile“(seeަ‘GSection–¦f12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŽŒ‹R-<Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß82ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm8.19.16‘d(ëp\dashboxŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤ%‘.ùœâ\dashbox{èdash-lenâ}(èrect-widthâ,èrect-heightâ){ètextâ}Ž© 33‘.ùœ\dashbox{èdash-lenâ}(èrect-widthâ,èrect-heightâ)[èpositionâ]{ètextâ}Ž¡‘!GáCreate– ­a› ®dashed“rectangle˜around“åtextá.‘L³This˜command“ ts˜with“the˜âpicture“áen²!viron-ަ‘Gmen•²!t,‘óalthough›ŠVy“ou˜can˜use˜it˜outside‘ŠUof˜there,‘óbMÞecause˜lengths˜are˜n“um“b•MÞers˜sp“ecifying˜theަ‘Gdistance–¦fin“terms“of“the“â\unitlength“á(see“Section“8.19“[picture],“page“74).Ž¡‘!GThe–Ê`required“argumen²!ts›Ê_are:‘%Ñdashes“are˜ådash-len“áunits“long,‘Ó^with“the˜same“length“gap,ަ‘Gand–¦fthe“rectangle“has“o•²!v“erall–¦fwidth“årect-width“áunits“and“heighš²!t“årect-heigh˜t‘ãfáunits.Ž¡‘!GThe–ÚÖoptional‘ÚÕargumen²!t“åpšMÞosition“ásp˜eci es‘ÚÕthe“p˜osition“of›ÚÕåtext=á;‘±see“Section˜8.19.13“[â\ámak²!e-ަ‘GbMÞoš²!x–¦f(picture)],“page“80,“for“the“v‘ÿdDalues“that“it“can“tak˜e.ŽŸ%‘!GThis–¦fshoš²!ws“that“y˜ou“can“use“non-in˜teger“v‘ÿdDalue“for“ådash-lená.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My–¿ªhovercraft“is“full“of“eels.}}Ž¡‘GáEac²!h–Pdash“will“bšMÞe“â0.1\unitlength“álong,‘a[the“b˜oš²!x's“width‘Pis“â5\unitlength“áand“its“heigh˜t“isަ‘Gâ0.5\unitlengthá.Ž¡‘!GAs–ê(in›ê)that“example,‘ûa“dashed“b•MÞo²!x˜lo“oks›ê(b“est˜when‘ê)årect-width˜áand˜årect-heigh•²!t‘')áare˜m“ul-ަ‘Gtiples–¦fof“the“ådash-lená.ŽŸãØ‘Gëc8.20‘™ëgquotation–f@ëc&“ëgquoteŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{quotation}ަ‘:xðètextަ‘.ùœâ\end{quotation}Ž¡‘GáorŽ¡‘.ùœâ\begin{quote}ަ‘:xðètextަ‘.ùœâ\end{quote}Ž¡‘!GáInclude–êa“quotation.‘5ªBoth“en•²!vironmen“ts›êinden“t˜margins˜on‘ëbMÞoth˜sides˜b“y˜â\leftmarginަ‘Gá(i.e.,–¦fâ\rightmargin“áis“set“to“â\leftmarginá),“and“the“text“is“righ²!t-justi ed.ŽŸ%‘!GThey–¦fdi er“in“ho²!w“they“treat“paragraphs:Ž¡‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áIn–!the› âquotation“áen•²!vironmen“t,‘0Ïparagraphs–!are“inden•²!ted˜b“y–!1.5‘Ó7em“and“the˜space“bMÞe-ަ‘'¿«t•²!w“een–¦fparagraphs“is“small,“â0pt“plus“1ptá.Ž¡‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áIn–5¯the›5°âquote“áen•²!vironmen“t,‘L:paragraphs–5¯are“not˜indenš²!ted“and“the“v˜ertical‘5°space“bMÞet˜w˜eenަ‘'¿«paragraphs–¦fis“the“rubbMÞer“length“â\parsep“á(see“Section“8.16“[list],“page“65).ŽŸ ‘!GHere–¦fis“a“quotation“using“the“âquote“áen•²!vironmen“t:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{quote}‘¿ª\small\itަ‘:xðFour–¿ªscore“and“seven“years“ago“\ldots\ޤff‘:xðNow–¿ªwe“are“engaged“\ldotsŽ¡‘:xðBut,–¿ªin“a“larger“sense,“\ldotsŽŽŒ‹S:DŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß83ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘:xðâ\hspace{1em–¿ªplus“1fill}---Abraham“Lincolnޤ 33‘.ùœ\end{quote}Ž©‚#‘!GáBecause–€íit›€ìuses“âquoteá,‘·Žthere“will“bMÞe˜â\parsep“áspace“bMÞet•²!w“een‘€íeac“h˜paragraph,‘·Žand‘€ítheŽ¡‘Gparagraphs–ƒ°wš²!on't“bMÞe“inden˜ted.‘|öIf“w˜e“had“used“âquotationá,‘½Õeac˜h“paragraph“w˜ould“bMÞe“inden˜tedŽ¡‘Gand–¦fthere“wš²!ould“bMÞe“only“that“small“amoun˜t“of“stretc˜h“bMÞet˜w˜een“paragraphs.ŽŸ‚"‘!GThe–âquote“áand“âquotation“áen•²!vironmen“ts–are“implemen²!ted“as“lists“(see“Section“8.16“[list],Ž¡‘Gpage–‚Õ65).‘s+The“âcsquotes“áand‘‚Öâquoting“ápacš²!k‘ÿdDages“pro˜vide“additional‘‚Öfunctionalit˜y“and“pa-Ž¡‘Grameters.ŽŸß‘Gëc8.21‘™ëgtabbingŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{tabbing}Ž¡‘.ùœèrow1-col1–¿ªâ\=“èrow1-col2“â...‘ T\\Ž¡‘.ùœèrow2-col1–¿ªâ\>“èrow2-col2“â...‘ T\\Ž¡‘.ùœ...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabbing}Ž©‚"‘!GáAlign–ü‹text“in›üŠcolumns,‘b²!y“setting“tab˜stops“and“tabbing“to˜them“m•²!uc“h–ü‹as“is˜done“on“aŽ¡‘Gt•²!ypMÞewriter.‘^This›ºçen“vironmen“t–ºèis“less“often˜used“than“the˜âtabular“á(see“Section˜8.23“[tabular],Ž¡‘Gpage–287)›2and“âarray“á(see“Section˜8.2“[arraš²!y],‘Típage“53)“en˜vironmen˜ts,‘TíbMÞecause“in‘2those“theŽ¡‘Gwidth–¦fof“eacš²!h“column“need“not“bMÞe“kno˜wn“in“adv‘ÿdDance.ŽŸà‘Gëm8.21.1‘d(ëptabbing–íMëm rst“exampleŽŽŸ³3‘GáThis–èL rst“example“sets“the“tab“stops‘èKto“explicit“widths“in“the“ rst“line,‘øÅwhicš²!h“is“ended“b˜yŽ¡‘Ga–¦fâ\kill“ácommand“to“a•²!v“oid›¦ft“ypMÞesetting˜an“ything˜(describ•MÞed˜further˜b“elo²!w):ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{tabbing}Ž¡‘.ùœ\hspace{1.2in}\=\hspace{1in}\=\killŽ¡‘.ùœShip‘[ú \>Guns‘J»¢\>Year‘þ¨\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\textit{Sophie}‘¾R\>14‘V:ö\>1800‘þ¨\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\textit{Polychrest}‘¿ª\>24‘V:ö\>1803‘þ¨\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\textit{Lively}‘¾R\>38‘V:ö\>1804‘þ¨\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\textit{Surprise}‘>þ\>28‘V:ö\>1805‘þ¨\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabbing}ŽŸ‚#‘!GáThe›Ÿ~âtabbing‘Ÿ}áen•²!vironmen“t˜con“tains˜a˜sequence‘Ÿ}of˜åtabbMÞed˜ro“wsá.‘É$The˜ rst‘Ÿ}tabbMÞed˜ro“wŽ¡‘GbMÞegins–¥Êimmediately›¥Ëafter“â\begin{tabbing}“áand˜eacš²!h“ro˜w“ends›¥Ëwith“â\\“áor˜â\killá.‘Ý©The“lastŽ¡‘Gro•²!w›¦fma“y˜omit˜the˜â\\˜áand˜end˜at˜the˜â\end{tabbing}á.ަ‘!GBoth–1the“âtabbing“áen•²!vironmen“t–1and‘1the“more“widely-used“âtabular“áen•²!vironmen“t‘1putŽ¡‘Gtext–'in“columns.‘®ÈThe“most“impMÞortan²!t›&distinction“is“that“in“âtabular“áthe˜width“of“columns“isŽ¡‘Gdetermined–ŒFautomatically“b²!y“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,‘‘€while“in“âtabbing‘ŒGáthe“user“sets“the“tab“stops.‘Õ(AnotherŽ¡‘Gdistinction–eis›fthat“âtabular“ágenerates“a˜bšMÞo²!x“that“cannot“b˜e›fbrok²!en,‘Û$but“âtabbing˜ácan“bMÞeŽ¡‘Gbrok²!en–'across“pages.‘³”Finally‘ÿe,‘@ìwhile“âtabular›'Œácan“bMÞe“used“in˜an²!y“moMÞde,‘@ìâtabbing˜ácan“bMÞe“usedŽ¡‘Gonly–¦fin“paragraph“moMÞde“and“it“alw•²!a“ys–¦fstarts“a“new“paragraph,“without“inden²!tation.ŽŸ‚#‘!GAs–ZQsho²!wn›ZRin“the“example˜abMÞo•²!v“e,‘iˆthere˜is–ZQno“need˜to“use“the˜starred“form“of˜the“â\hspaceŽ¡‘Gácommand–Û(see“Section“19.2“[â\áhspace],‘Âpage“186)“at“the“bšMÞeginning“of“a“tabb˜ed“roš²!w.‘šThe“righ˜tŽ¡‘Gmargin–AÝof“the›AÜâtabbing“áen•²!vironmen“t–AÝis“the˜end“of“line,‘Uøso“that“the“width˜of“the“en•²!vironmen“tŽ¡‘Gis‘¦fâ\linewidthá.ŽŽŒ‹TDfŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß84ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm8.21.2‘d(ëptabbing‘íMëmcommandsŽŽŸ³3‘GáThe–šÆbMÞest“o•²!v“erall›šÅdescription–šÆof“the“tabbing˜en•²!vironmen“t–šÆcommands“wš²!e“kno˜w‘šÅis“in“Leslieޤ 33‘GLampMÞort's–zoriginal›yreference“man²!ual,‘(section˜C.10.1“of“â\åLaT‘ÿeeX:˜A‘_DoMÞcumen²!t“PreparationŽ¡‘GSystemá.‘ÝÝA–¦fsummary“of“the“commands“follo²!ws.Ž©S4‘!GIn–ÄÅgeneral,‘ ]at“an•²!y›ÄÆpMÞoin“t–ÄÅthe“âtabbing˜áen•²!vironmen“t–ÄÅhas“a“åcurren²!t˜tab“stop“patterná:‘œaŽ¡‘Gsequence›j2of‘j1ån–Pùé>“á0˜tab˜stops,››$n•²!um“bMÞered‘j10,‘›%1,˜etc.‘)@Eac“h›j1tab–j2stop“creates˜a“correspMÞondingŽ¡‘Gcolumn.‘ îT‘ÿeab– stop“0› is“alw•²!a“ys– the˜left“margin,‘$Bde ned“b²!y˜the“enclosing“en•²!vironmen“t.‘ îT‘ÿeabŽ¡‘Gstop›Ô«n•²!um“bMÞer˜åi‘i/áis˜set˜if˜it˜is‘Ô¬assigned˜a˜horizon“tal˜pMÞosition˜on–Ô¬the˜page.‘h¬T‘ÿeab“stop˜n•²!um“bMÞer˜åiŽ¡‘Gácan–¡Bonly›¡CbMÞe“set“if˜all“the˜stops“0,‘L-.–§‘.“.Ž‘,‘¢Jéi‘d¥ê‘d¤á1˜ha•²!v“e–¡Balready˜bMÞeen“set;‘¢ùnormally“later˜stops“areŽ¡‘Gto–¦fthe“righ²!t“of“earlier“ones.ŽŸS3‘!GBy–Û¶default‘Ûµanš²!y“text“t˜ypMÞeset›Ûµin“a“âtabbing˜áen•²!vironmen“t‘Û¶is˜t“ypMÞeset–Û¶ragged“righ²!t˜and“left-Ž¡‘Galigned–‡mon›‡nthe“curren²!t˜tab“stop.‘ÓŠT²!ypMÞesetting˜is“done“in˜LR‘‡emoMÞde˜(see“Chapter˜17“[MoMÞdes],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f179).ަ‘!GThe–ºfolloš²!wing“commands“can‘¹bMÞe“used“inside“a“âtabbing“áen˜vironmen˜t.‘­£They“are“all“fragileŽ¡‘G(see–¦fSection“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŸc4‘Gâ\\‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:End–¦fa“tabbšMÞed“line“and“t²!yp˜eset“it.Ž©S4‘Gâ\=‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Set–¦fa“tab“stop“at“the“curren²!t“pMÞosition.ŽŸS3‘Gâ\>‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Adv‘ÿdDance–¦fto“the“next“tab“stop.ަ‘Gâ\+‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Mo•²!v“e–¦€the›¦left“margin“of“the˜next“and“all˜the“follo²!wing“commands“one˜tab“stopŽ¡‘Kâ:to–¦fthe“righ²!t,“bšMÞeginning“a“tabb˜ed“line“if“necessary‘ÿe.ަ‘Gâ\<‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Put–Í­follo²!wing“text›Í®to“the“left“of˜the“loMÞcal“margin“(without˜c²!hanging“the“margin).Ž¡‘Kâ:Can–5Ûonly›5ÜbMÞe“used“at“the˜start“of“a˜line,‘L]and“a˜preceding“line“mš²!ust“ha˜v˜e‘5Üused“â\+á.ŽŸS3‘Gâ\-‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Mo•²!v“e–pôthe“left“margin“of“the“next“and“all“follo²!wing“lines“one“tab“stop“to“the“leftŽ¡‘Kâ:(undoing–¦fone“â\+á).‘ÝÝDoMÞes“not“cš²!hange“the“curren˜t“line.ަ‘Gâ\ ‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Mo•²!v“e›^Gev“erything‘^Fin˜the˜curren“t‘^Fcolumn˜so˜far,‘Œ>i.e.,‘Œ?ev“erything˜from‘^Fthe˜mostŽ¡‘Kâ:recen²!t‘Îgâ\>á,–Øhâ\<á,›Øgâ\ á,“â\\á,˜or–Îgâ\kill“ácommand,‘Øhto“the“previous‘Îhcolumn“and“alignedŽ¡‘Kâ:to–¦fthe“righš²!t,“ ush“against“the“curren˜t“column's“tab“stop.ަ‘Gâ\‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Mo•²!v“e–èall“the›ètext“follo²!wing,‘-up“to“the“â\\“áor“â\end{tabbing}˜ácommand“that“endsŽ¡‘Kâ:the–:line,‘P+to“the›:œrigh²!t“margin˜of“the“âtabbing˜áen•²!vironmen“t.‘¹ðThere˜m“ust–:bMÞe˜no“â\>Ž¡‘Kâ:áor–ü3â\ ›ü2ácommand“bMÞet•²!w“een˜the–ü3â\“áand˜the“â\\˜áor“â\end{tabbing}˜ácommand“thatŽ¡‘Kâ:ends–¦fthe“line.ŽŸC3‘Kâ:This››9allo•²!ws‘›8y“ou˜to–›8put˜text“ ush˜righ²!t˜against“an²!y˜tab“stop,‘Шincluding˜tab“stop˜0.Ž¡‘Kâ:Ho•²!w“ev“er,‘áDit‘Õ}can't›Õ~mo“v“e˜text˜to˜the‘Õ}righ“t˜of˜the˜last˜column‘Õ}bMÞecause˜there's˜noŽ¡‘Kâ:tab–¦fstop“there.ŽŽŒ‹UQžŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß85ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\a‘¦fá(tabbing)ޤ 33‘Kâ:In–Ïxa“âtabbing“áen•²!vironmen“t,‘útthe–Ïxcommands“â\=á,‘úuâ\ “áand“â\“ádo“not“proMÞduce“accen²!tsŽ¡‘Kâ:as–ð6usual“(see“Section“23.5“[Accen²!ts],›¦page“226).‘¡#Instead,˜use“the“commands“â\a=á,Ž¡‘Kâ:â\a –¦fáand“â\aá.Ž©QR‘Gâ\kill‘¦fá(tabbing)Ž¡‘Kâ:Sets–)‚tab›)stops“without“proMÞducing˜text.‘´“A‘>þ\\“%“change“left“margin“to“second“tab“stopŽ¡‘.ùœ\<–¿ªleft‘>þ\\“%“but“typeset“"left"“at“first“tab“stopŽ¡‘.ùœ\-–¿ªB“\>“C“\\“%“return“to“normal“left“margin“on“next“lineŽ¡‘.ùœD–¿ª\>“E‘þ¨\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabbing}ŽŸÂB‘!GáThe–¦foutput“loMÞoks“likš²!e“this“(except“not“in“t˜ypMÞewriter):ަ‘Qw˜âAŽ¡‘.ùœleftŽ¡‘Qw˜B‘>þCŽ¡‘.ùœD‘¾REŽŸÂB‘!GáThis–@last“example“tš²!ypMÞesets“a“P˜ascal“function“(in“t˜ypMÞewriter),‘Tde ning“new“tab“stops“andŽ¡‘Gusing–¦fâ\+“áand“â\-“áfor“the“di erenš²!t“inden˜tation“lev˜els:ަ‘.ùœâ{\tt–¿ª\frenchspacing“\begin{tabbing}Ž¡‘.ùœfunction–¿ª\=“fact(n“:“integer)“:“integer;\\Ž¡‘b¶–\>–¿ªbegin“\=“\+“\\Ž¡’…4’\>–¿ªif“\=“n“>“1“then“\+“\\Ž¡’¸ñŒfact–¿ª:=“n“*“fact(n-1)“\-“\\Ž¡’–selse–¿ª\+“\\Ž¡’¸ñŒfact–¿ª:=“1;“\-\-“\\Ž¡‘sõ”end;\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabbing}Ž¡‘.ùœ}ŽŸÂB‘GáThe–¦foutput“loMÞoks“lik²!e“this:ަ‘.ùœâfunction–¿ªfact(n“:“integer)“:“integer;ŽŽŒ‹V^ñŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß86ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘b¶–âbeginޤ 33’…4’if–¿ªn“>“1“thenŽ¡’–sfact–¿ª:=“n“*“fact(n-1);Ž¡’…4’elseŽ¡’–sfact–¿ª:=“1;Ž¡‘b¶–end;Ž©SŠ‘GáThis–Hóexample“is“just›Hòfor“illustration“of“the“en•²!vironmen“t.‘¾·T‘ÿeo˜actually›Hót“yp•MÞeset˜computer˜co“deŽ¡‘Gin–”tš²!ypMÞewriter“lik˜e“this,‘8$a“v˜erbatim“en˜vironmen˜t‘“(see“Section“8.27“[v˜erbatim],‘8$page“97)“w˜ouldŽ¡‘Gnormally–rhbšMÞe“b˜est.‘̉F‘ÿeor“prett•²!y-prin“ted–rh(not“t²!yp˜ewriter)“co˜de,‘|Îthere“are‘riquite“a“few“pac²!k‘ÿdDages,Ž¡‘Gincluding–¦fâalgorithm2eá,“âfancyvrbá,“âlistingsá,“and“âmintedá.ŽŸ 0ƒ‘Gëc8.22‘™ëgtableŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{table}[èplacementâ]Ž¡‘:xðètable‘¿ªbodyŽ¡‘:xðâ\caption[èloftitleâ]{ètitleâ}‘ T%‘¿ªoptionalŽ¡‘:xð\label{èlabel}‘P{Lâ%–¿ªalso“optionalŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{table}ަ‘!GáA‘£class–Âof›à oats“(see“Section“5.7˜[Floats],‘>page“32).‘IòThey“cannot“bMÞe“split˜across“pagesŽ¡‘Gand–û!so“they“are“not“t²!ypMÞeset“in“sequence“with“the“normal“text“but“instead“are“ oated“to“aŽ¡‘Gcon•²!v“enien“t–¦fplace,“sucš²!h“as“the“top“of“a“follo˜wing“page.ަ‘!GThis–¦fexample“âtable“áen•²!vironmen“t›¦fcon“tains˜a˜âtabularަ‘.ùœ\begin{table}Ž¡‘:xð\centering\smallŽ¡‘:xð\begin{tabular}{ll}Ž¡‘EøD\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}}Ž¡‘Qw˜&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Piece}}‘ T\\‘¿ª\hlineŽ¡‘EøDBach‘Dûø&Cello–¿ªSuite“Number“1‘ T\\Ž¡‘EøDBeethoven‘(=¦&Cello–¿ªSonata“Number“3“\\Ž¡‘EøDBrahms‘9|¤&Cello–¿ªSonata“Number“1Ž¡‘:xð\end{tabular}Ž¡‘:xð\caption{Top–¿ªcello“pieces}Ž¡‘:xð\label{tab:cello}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{table}ަ‘Gábut–yš²!ou‘can“put“man˜y‘di eren˜t“kinds“of‘con˜ten˜t“in‘a“âtableá:‘· the“åtable“b•MÞo“dy‘ áma˜y‘con˜tainŽ¡‘Gtext,–¦fLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“commands,“graphics,“etc.‘ÝÝIt“is“t²!ypMÞeset“in“a“âparbox“áof“width“â\textwidthá.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–Öthe›ÕpMÞossible“v‘ÿdDalues˜of“åplacemen²!t‘CÖáand˜their“e ect“on˜the“ oat˜placemen²!t“algorithm,Ž¡‘Gsee–¦fSection“5.7“[Floats],“page“32.ަ‘!GThe–…,labMÞel“is“optional;‘ôŽit“is“used“for“cross“references‘…+(see“Chapter“7“[Cross“references],Ž¡‘Gpage–H48).‘ÄRThe“â\caption“ácommand“is“also“optional.‘ÄQIt“spMÞeci es“caption“text“åtitle‘å”áfor“theŽ¡‘Gtable–Îí(see›ÎîSection“5.7.1“[â\ácaption],‘page“34).‘WsBy“default˜it“is“n•²!um“bMÞered.‘WsIf˜its‘ÎíoptionalŽ¡‘Gålottitle‘Ûáis›=ÿpresen²!t–=þthen“that“text˜is“used“in˜the“list“of“tables˜instead“of“åtitle‘Ûá(see˜Section“25.1Ž¡‘G[T‘ÿeable–¦fof“con•²!ten“ts–¦fetc.],“page“235).ŽŽŒ‹WgþŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß87ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GIn– Úthis“example“the“table“and“caption‘ Ûwill“ oat“to“the“bMÞottom“of“a“page,‘ßwunless“it“isޤ 33‘Gpushed–¦fto“a“ oat“page“at“the“end.Ž© Ñ‘.ùœâ\begin{table}[b]Ž¡‘:xð\centeringŽ¡‘:xð\begin{tabular}{r|p{2in}}‘¿ª\hlineŽ¡‘EøDOne–¿ª&The“loneliest“number“\\Ž¡‘EøDTwo–¿ª&Can“be“as“sad“as“one.Ž¡‘b¶–It s–¿ªthe“loneliest“number“since“the“number“one.Ž¡‘:xð\end{tabular}Ž¡‘:xð\caption{Cardinal‘¿ªvirtues}Ž¡‘:xð\label{tab:CardinalVirtues}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{table}ŽŸ±<‘Gëc8.23‘™ëgtabularŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸ Ò‘.ùœâ\begin{tabular}[èposâ]{ècolsâ}Ž¡‘:xðècolumn–¿ª1“entry› Tâ&ècolumn“2“entry˜â...˜&ècolumn“n“entry“â\\Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular}ަ‘Gáorަ‘.ùœâ\begin{tabular*}{èwidthâ}[èposâ]{ècolsâ}Ž¡‘:xðècolumn–¿ª1“entry› Tâ&ècolumn“2“entry˜â...˜&ècolumn“n“entry“â\\Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular*}ަ‘!GáProšMÞduce–w{a“table,‘€Ýa“b˜oš²!x“consisting“of“a“sequence“of“horizon˜tal“ro˜ws.‘Î9Eac˜h“ro˜w“consists“ofŽ¡‘Gitems–¦fthat“are“aligned“vš²!ertically“in“columns.‘ÝÝThis“illustrates“man˜y“of“the“features.ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{tabular}{l|l}Ž¡‘:xð\textit{Player–¿ªname}› T&\textit{Career“home“runs}˜\\Ž¡‘:xð\hlineŽ¡‘:xðHank–¿ªAaron‘ T&755“\\Ž¡‘:xðBabe‘¿ªRuth‘>þ&714Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular}ަ‘GáThe–A'output“will‘A(ha•²!v“e›A't“w“o˜left-aligned˜columns˜with‘A(a˜v“ertical˜bar˜bMÞet“w“een˜them.‘®!This˜isŽ¡‘GspMÞeci ed–ì7in“âtabulará's“argumenš²!t“â{l|l}á.‘ŸÎPut“the“en˜tries“in˜to“di eren˜t“columns“b˜y“separatingŽ¡‘Gthem–ù¼with“an“ampMÞersand,‘’â&á.‘×ßThe“end‘ù½of“eacš²!h“ro˜w“is“mark˜ed“with“a“double“bac˜kslash,‘’â\\á.Ž¡‘GPut–M´a›M³horizon²!tal“rule˜bMÞelo²!w“a˜ro²!w,‘w‡after“a˜double“bac²!kslash,‘w‡with˜â\hlineá.‘ÓÆAfter˜the“lastŽ¡‘Groš²!w–¦fthe“â\\“áis“optional,“unless“an“â\hline“ácommand“follo˜ws“to“put“a“rule“bMÞelo˜w“the“table.ŽŸ Ò‘!GThe–¦frequired“and“optional“argumen²!ts“to“âtabular“áconsist“of:ŽŸäo‘Gåp•MÞos‘)¢páOptional.›_+Sp“eci es–Ñ€the“table's“v²!ertical“pMÞosition.˜The“default“is“to“align“theŽ¡‘Kâ:table–}Mso‘}Lits“vš²!ertical“cen˜ter‘}Lmatc˜hes“the“baseline›}Lof“the˜surrounding“text.‘Ð*ThereŽ¡‘Kâ:are›8Wt•²!w“o‘8Vother˜pMÞossible˜alignmen“ts:‘¦Õât˜áaligns˜the˜table‘8Vso˜its˜top˜ro“w‘8Vmatc“hes˜theŽ¡‘Kâ:baseline–¦fof“the“surrounding“text,“and“âb“áaligns“on“the“bMÞottom“ro²!w.ަ‘Kâ:This–t»only›t¼has“an“e ect˜if“there“is˜other“text.‘ÍOIn“the˜common“case“of˜a“âtabularŽ¡‘Kâ:áalone–¦fin“a“âcenter“áen•²!vironmen“t–¦fthis“option“mak²!es“no“di erence.ŽŽŒ‹XrFŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß88ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gåcols‘(áRequired.›ÛÂSpMÞeci es–ûthe“formatting“of“columns.˜It“consists“of‘ûa“sequence“ofޤ 33‘Kâ:the›°ifollo²!wing‘°jsp•MÞeci ers,‘²êcorresp“onding˜to˜the‘°jt²!yp“es˜of˜column‘°jand˜in²!tercolumnŽ¡‘Kâ:material.ޤij‘Kâ:âl‘4IáA–¦fcolumn“of“left-aligned“items.Ž¡‘Kâ:âr‘4IáA–¦fcolumn“of“righ²!t-aligned“items.ŽŸik‘Kâ:âc‘4IáA–¦fcolumn“of“cen²!tered“items.Ž¡‘Kâ:â|‘4IáA–¦fvš²!ertical“line“the“full“heigh˜t“and“depth“of“the“en˜vironmen˜t.Ž¡‘Kâ:â@{ètext–¦for“spaceâ}ޤ 33’…³-áInsert–8¤åtext“or“space‘Õ¬áat“this“loMÞcation“in“evš²!ery“ro˜w.‘ ”˜The“åtext“orŽ¡’…³-space‘Ôåámaterial›7ßis–7Þt²!ypMÞeset“in˜LR‘7wmoMÞde.‘ ’FThis“text“is˜fragile“(seeŽ¡’…³-Section–¦f12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŸNN’…³-If›·[bMÞet•²!w“een‘·Zt“w“o˜column˜spMÞeci ers–·Zthere˜is˜no“@-expression˜thenŽ¡’…³-LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's›èíâbooká,–ùŽâarticleá,“and˜âreport˜áclasses–èìwill˜put˜on“either˜sideŽ¡’…³-of–J eacš²!h“column“a‘J space“of“width“â\tabcolsepá,‘²ôwhic˜h“b˜y“defaultŽ¡’…³-is–y46‘Ó7pt.‘ VEThat“is,‘íæbš²!y“default“adjacen˜t›y3columns“are˜separated“b²!yŽ¡’…³-12‘Ó7pt–¢n(so›¢oâ\tabcolsep“áis˜misleadingly“named˜since“it˜is“only˜half“ofŽ¡’…³-the›Jseparation‘JbMÞet•²!w“een˜tabular–Jcolumns).‘ȰIn˜addition,‘rèa“space˜ofŽ¡’…³-â\tabcolsep–øxáalso“comes“bMÞefore“the“ rst“column“and“after“the“ nalŽ¡’…³-column,–¦funless“y²!ou“put“a“â@{...}“áthere.Ž©NO’…³-If›7'y•²!ou‘7(o“v“erride˜the–7(default˜and˜use“an˜@-expression“then˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡’…³-doMÞes–Wxnot›Wwinsert“â\tabcolsep˜áso“yš²!ou“m˜ust‘Wwinsert“an˜y‘Wwdesired“spaceŽ¡’…³-y²!ourself,–¦fas“in“â@{\hspace{1em}}á.ަ’…³-An–rŠempt²!y“expression‘r‰â@{}“áwill“eliminate“the“space.‘BHIn“particular,Ž¡’…³-sometimes›š{...}“áspMÞeci er.ŽŸÇi‘Kâ:âp{èwdâ}‘¡áEacš²!h–î¼item“in‘î»the“column“is“t˜ypšMÞeset“in“a‘î»parb˜o²!x“of“width“åwdá,‘Ñas“ifŽ¡’…³-it–¦fwš²!ere“the“argumen˜t“of“a“â\parbox[t]{wd}{...}“ácommand.ަ’…³-A‘‡–line–ˆbreak“double‘ˆbacš²!kslash“â\\“áma˜y“not“appMÞear‘ˆin“the“item,Ž¡’…³-except–ÂÅinside“an“en•²!vironmen“t›ÂÅlik“e˜âminipageá,– Üâarrayá,“or˜âtabulará,Ž¡’…³-or–inside›an“explicit“â\parboxá,‘lûor“in˜the“scopMÞe“of˜a“â\centeringá,Ž¡’…³-â\raggedrightá,‘ëor›žÐâ\raggedleft–žÑádeclaration“(when“used˜in“a“âpá-Ž¡’…³-column–Êgelemen²!t›Êfthese“declarations˜m²!ust“appMÞear˜inside“braces,‘fasŽ¡’…³-with›allo²!w“the›Â?table“to˜stretc²!h“or˜shrink“to˜mak²!e“theŽ¡‘Kâ:spMÞeci ed–Àjwidth,‘êor“else“yš²!ou“are“lik˜ely“to“get“the“âUnderfull–¦f\hbox“(badnessŽ¡‘Kâ:10000)–¦fin“alignment“...“áw²!arning.ŽŸ‘…‘!GPš²!arameters–¦fthat“con˜trol“formatting:ŽŸ‘†‘Gâ\arrayrulewidthŽ¡‘Kâ:áA‘µlength–µ“that›µ”is“the˜thic²!kness“of˜the“rule˜created˜b²!y“â|á,–¹_â\hlineá,“and‘µ“â\vline˜áinŽ¡‘Kâ:the–@âtabular›Aáand“âarray˜áen•²!vironmen“ts.‘BlThe–@default“is˜`â.4ptá'.‘BlChange“it˜as“inŽ¡‘Kâ:â\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}á.ަ‘Gâ\arraystretchŽ¡‘Kâ:áA‘ðAfactor–ð–bš²!y“whic˜h“the“spacing“bMÞet˜w˜een“ro˜ws“in“the“âtabular“áand“âarray“áen-Ž¡‘Kâ:vironmen•²!ts›‡•is‘‡–m“ultiplied.‘ kThe˜default–‡–is˜`â1á',‘ÿàfor“no˜scaling.‘ kChange“it˜asŽ¡‘Kâ:â\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}á.ŽŸÇj‘Gâ\doublerulesepŽ¡‘Kâ:áA‘ÄŽlength–ÄØthat›Ä×is“the˜distance“bMÞet•²!w“een‘ÄØthe˜v“ertical–ÄØrules˜proMÞduced“b²!y˜the“â||Ž¡‘Kâ:áspMÞeci er.‘ÝÝThe–¦fdefault“is“`â2ptá'.ŽŽŒ‹ZˆkŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f8:‘ÝÝEn•²!vironmen“ts’,lß90ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\tabcolsepޤ 33‘Kâ:áA‘ðlength–ž3that›ž2is“half“of“the“space˜bMÞet•²!w“een–ž3columns.›…ÌThe“default“is“`â6ptá'.˜ChangeŽ¡‘Kâ:it–¦fwith“â\setlengthá.ŽŸ(;‘!GThe–„follo²!wing›ƒcommands“can˜bMÞe“used˜inside“the˜b•MÞo“dy–„of˜a“âtabular˜áen•²!vironmen“t,‘¸KtheŽ¡‘G rst›¦ft•²!w“o˜inside˜an˜en“try˜and˜the˜second˜t“w“o˜bMÞet“w“een˜lines:ŽŸø±‘Gëm8.23.1‘d(ëp\multicolumnŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤ+ã‘.ùœâ\multicolumn{ènumcolsâ}{ècolsâ}{ètextâ}Ž¡‘!GáMak²!e–“an›”âarray“áor˜âtabular“áen²!try“that˜spans“sev²!eral˜columns.‘{—The“ rst˜argumenš²!t“ån˜umcolsޤ 33‘Gágiv•²!es›b¾the‘b¿n“um“bMÞer˜of–b¿columns˜to“span.‘ÇPThe˜second“argumen²!t˜åcols‘ÖAáspMÞeci es˜the“formatting˜ofŽ¡‘Gthe–wenš²!try‘ÿe,‘€}with“âc“áfor“cen˜tered,›€|âl“áfor‘w ush“left,˜or“âr“áfor“ ush‘wrighš²!t.‘ÎThe“third“argumen˜t“åtextŽ¡‘Gágivš²!es–¦fthe“con˜ten˜ts“of“that“en˜try‘ÿe.ŽŸ+ä‘!GIn–# this›# example,‘=Pin“the˜ rst“ro²!w,‘=Pthe˜second“and“third˜columns“are˜spanned“b²!y˜the“singleŽ¡‘Gheading‘¦f`âNameá'.Ž©+ã‘.ùœâ\begin{tabular}{lccl}Ž¡‘:xð\textit{ID}‘(=¦&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}}–¿ª&\textit{Age}“\\Ž¡‘:xð\hlineŽ¡‘:xð978-0-393-03701-2–¿ª&O Brian“&Patrick‘gyô&55‘?þ%–¿ªentry“threeŽ¡‘EøD&z’‰÷ð%–¿ªentry“fourŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular}ަ‘GáBefore–çthe›æ rst“en²!try“the˜output“will“not˜ha•²!v“e–ça“v²!ertical˜rule“bMÞecause“the˜â\multicolumn“áhasŽ¡‘Gthe–+åcols‘ž–áspMÞeci er“`ârá'›+with“no˜initial“vš²!ertical“bar.‘´ÂBet˜w˜een“en˜try›+one“and˜enš²!try“t˜w˜o‘+there“willŽ¡‘GbMÞe–ïìa›ïëv²!ertical“rule;‘®although˜the“ 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T\\Ž¡‘W7BDiana–¿ªVilliers‘J»¢&Eventual“wife‘ T\\Ž¡‘W7BChristine–¿ªHatherleigh“Wood“&Fiance\footnotemarkŽ¡‘K·î\end{tabular}Ž¡‘:xð\end{minipage}%‘ Tpercent–¿ªsign“keeps“footnote“text“close“to“minipageŽ¡‘:xð\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%Ž¡‘EøD\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%Ž¡‘Qw˜Little–¿ªis“known“other“than“her“death.}%Ž¡‘:xð\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%Ž¡‘EøD\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%Ž¡‘Qw˜Relationship–¿ªis“unresolved.}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ަ‘!GáF‘ÿeor–ìÍa›ìÌ oating“âtable“áen•²!vironmen“t˜(see–ìÍSection“8.22˜[table],‘þepage“86),‘þduse“theŽ¡‘Gâtablefootnote‘¦fápac²!k‘ÿdDage.ަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{tablefootnote}‘ T%–¿ªin“preambleŽ¡‘@8š...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{table}ŽŽŒ‹pËŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f11:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeoMÞotnotes’4øí112ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘:xðâ\centeringޤ 33‘K·î\begin{tabular}{l|l}Ž¡‘K·î\textsc{Date}‘ T&\textsc{Campaign}–¿ª\\“\hlineŽ¡‘K·î1862‘?þ%–¿ªcreate“class“\footnotefrom{}Ž¡‘4¹F...Ž¡‘.ùœThe–¿ªthird“theorem“is“a“partial“converse“of“theŽ¡‘.ùœsecond.\footnotefrom{%Ž¡‘:xðNoted–¿ªin“Wilson.\footnote{Second“edition“only.}}ŽŽŒ‹q›Ÿò’³C1á113ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ12‘ ¸QDe nitionsŽŽŸ¢o‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fhas“suppMÞort“for“making“new“commands“of“manš²!y“di eren˜t“kinds.ŽŸ·ž‘Gëc12.1‘™ëg\newcommand–f@ëc&“ëg\renewcommandŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopses,–¦fone“of“(three“regular“forms,“three“starred“forms):Ž©XG‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\ècmdâ}{èdefnâ}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\newcommand{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand*{\ècmdâ}{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand*{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand*{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}ަ‘Gáor–¦fthe“same“six“pMÞossibilities“with“â\renewcommand“áinstead“of“â\newcommandá:ŽŸXF‘.ùœâ\renewcommand{\ècmdâ}{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\renewcommand{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\renewcommand{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\renewcommand*{\ècmdâ}{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\renewcommand*{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\renewcommand*{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}ަ‘!GáDe ne–;mor“rede ne›;na“command“(see“also“â\DeclareRobustCommand“áin˜Section“12.14“[ClassŽ¡‘Gand–¦fpac²!k‘ÿdDage“commands],“page“126).ަ‘!GThe–¬xstarred“form›¬yof“these“t•²!w“o–¬xforbids˜the“argumenš²!ts“from“con˜taining‘¬ym˜ultiple“paragraphsŽ¡‘Gof–0text“(i.e.,‘Rga“â\par–0átok²!en;‘tÏin“plain–0T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“terms:‘ñthe‘0commands“are“not“â\longá).‘z­With“theŽ¡‘Gdefault–¦fform,“argumenš²!ts“can“bMÞe“m˜ultiple“paragraphs.ަ‘!GThese–¦fare“the“parameters“(examples“follo²!w):ŽŸêÑ‘Gåcmd‘%½¾áRequired;‘Ïkâ\ècmd–Á¿áis“the‘ÁÀcommand“name.‘/èIt“mš²!ust“bMÞegin“with“a“bac˜kslash,–È•â\á,“andŽ¡‘Kâ:m²!ust–”]not›”^bMÞegin“with˜the“four“c²!haracter˜string“â\endá.‘×ÚF‘ÿeor˜â\newcommandá,‘—ùit“m²!ustŽ¡‘Kâ:not–ÌTbšMÞe“already“de ned.‘•,F‘ÿeor“â\renewcommandá,‘÷ñthis“name“m²!ust“already“b˜e“de ned.Ž©XG‘Gånargs‘ ,ÈáOptional;‘½}an–µÊin²!teger›µËfrom“0“to˜9,‘¹£spMÞecifying˜the“n•²!um“bMÞer˜of‘µÊargumen“ts˜that‘µÊtheŽ¡‘Kâ:command–'ôtakš²!es,‘HXincluding“an˜y“optional–'õargumen˜t.‘b‡Omitting“this–'ôargumen˜t“isŽ¡‘Kâ:the–\same“as“spMÞecifying“0,‘jðmeaning“that“the“command“has“no“argumenš²!ts.‘ÅIf“y˜ouŽ¡‘Kâ:rede ne–3³a“command,‘J£the“new“vš²!ersion“can“ha˜v˜e“a“di eren˜t“n˜um˜bMÞer“of“argumen˜tsŽ¡‘Kâ:than–¦fthe“old“v²!ersion.ަ‘GåoptargdefaultŽ¡‘Kâ:áOptional;‘†½if–æ¡this“argumenš²!t‘æ is“presen˜t›æ then“the˜ rst“argumen²!t˜of“â\ècmd˜áis“op-Ž¡‘Kâ:tional,‘›Ewith–jLdefault“v‘ÿdDalue“åoptargdefault‘§Lá(whicš²!h“ma˜y“bMÞe‘jKthe“empt˜y“string).‘)IfŽ¡‘Kâ:åoptargdefault‘ãfáis–¦fnot“presenš²!t“then“â\ècmd“ádoMÞes“not“tak˜e“an“optional“argumen˜t.ŽŸŽ‘Kâ:That–`Ois,‘ŽÉif“â\ècmd“áis“called“with“a‘`Nfolloš²!wing“argumen˜t“in“square“brac˜k˜ets,‘ŽÉas“inŽ¡‘Kâ:â\ècmdâ[èoptvalâ]{...}...á,‘ôáthen–È€within“ådefn‘Èáthe“parameter“â#1“áis“set“to“åoptv‘ÿdDalá.‘“æOnŽ¡‘Kâ:the–™Tother›™Shand,‘›ñif“â\ècmd˜áis“called˜without“follo²!wing˜square“brac•²!k“ets˜then‘™TwithinŽ¡‘Kâ:ådefn–=˜áthe“parameter‘=—â#1“áis“set“to“åoptargdefaultá.‘ £rIn“either“case,‘£cthe“requiredŽ¡‘Kâ:argumen²!ts–¦fstart“with“â#2á.ŽŽŒ‹r $Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0114ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Kâ:Omitting–y°â[èoptargdefaultâ]“áfrom“the“de nition“is“enš²!tirely“di eren˜t“from“giv-ޤ 33‘Kâ:ing–¡3the“square‘¡4brac•²!k“ets–¡3with“emptš²!y“con˜ten˜ts,‘ßæas›¡4in“â[]á.‘ÎDThe˜former“sa²!ys“theŽ¡‘Kâ:command–° bMÞeing“de ned“takš²!es“no‘°optional“argumen˜t,‘²vso‘°â#1“áis“the“ rst“requiredŽ¡‘Kâ:argumenš²!t–r“(if“ånargsŽ‘ ”çê‘ §á1);‘ƒÚthe“latter“sets“the“optional“argumen˜t‘r”â#1“áto“the“empt˜yŽ¡‘Kâ:string–¦fas“the“default,“if“no“optional“argumenš²!t“w˜as“giv˜en“in“the“call.Ž©C‘Kâ:Similarly‘ÿe,‘y­omitting–Okâ[èoptvalâ]“áfrom›Ola“call˜is“also˜enš²!tirely“di eren˜t‘Olfrom“givingŽ¡‘Kâ:the–S\square“brac•²!k“ets›S\with‘S]empt“y˜con“ten“ts.‘ä¿The˜former˜sets˜â#1‘S]áto˜the˜v‘ÿdDalue˜ofŽ¡‘Kâ:åoptv‘ÿdDal‘À á(assuming–Qºthe“command“wš²!as“de ned“to“tak˜e“an“optional“argumen˜t);‘môtheŽ¡‘Kâ:latter–¦fsets“â#1“áto“the“emptš²!y“string,“just“as“with“an˜y“other“v‘ÿdDalue.ަ‘Kâ:If–³a›´command“is˜not“de ned“to˜tak²!e“an˜optional“argumen²!t,‘9 but˜is“called˜with“anŽ¡‘Kâ:optional–ÚÒargumenš²!t,‘çîthe“results‘ÚÓare“unpredictable:‘F¶there“ma˜y›ÚÓbMÞe“a˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“error,Ž¡‘Kâ:there–¦fmaš²!y“bMÞe“incorrect“t˜ypšMÞeset“output,“or“b˜oth.ŽŸRû‘Gådefn‘%oàáRequired;‘EFthe–¶text›µto“bMÞe˜substituted“for“ev²!ery˜oMÞccurrence“of˜â\ècmdá.‘­MThe“parame-Ž¡‘Kâ:ters›úwâ#1á,–Úâ#2á,‘Æ¿.–§‘.“.Ž‘‰ª,“â#ènargs˜áare˜replaced–úxb²!y˜the˜v‘ÿdDalues˜supplied“when˜the˜commandŽ¡‘Kâ:is–scalled“(or“bš²!y“åoptargdefault‘Êsáin“the“case“of“an“optional“argumen˜t“not“spMÞeci edŽ¡‘Kâ:in–¦fthe“call,“as“just“explained).ŽŸbß‘!GT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–6ignores“blanks“in“the“source“folloš²!wing‘6a“con˜trol“w˜ord“(see“Section“12.1.1“[Con˜trolŽ¡‘Gsequences],–4Žpage›äí115),“as˜in˜`â\cmd‘¦fá'.‘™qIf˜y•²!ou˜w“an“t˜a˜space˜there,‘4Žone‘äìsolution˜is˜to˜t“ypMÞeŽ¡‘Gâ{}–ÈÓáafter›ÈÔthe“command“(`â\cmd{}‘¦fá'),‘Ñoand“another˜solution“is“to˜use“an“explicit˜con²!trol“spaceŽ¡‘G(`â\cmd\‘¦fá').Ž©Rû‘!GA‘½simple–Žexample“of›Žde ning“a˜new“command:‘Q¬â\newcommand{\RS}{Robin‘¦fSmith}“áresultsŽ¡‘Gin–qÏâ\RS“ábMÞeing›qÎreplaced“b²!y“the“longer“text.‘ @Rede ning“an“existing˜command“is“similar:Ž¡‘Gâ\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small‘¦fQED}}á.ަ‘!GIf–yyš²!ou“use“â\newcommand“áand“the“command“name“has“already“bMÞeen“used“then“y˜ouŽ¡‘Gget– {something“lik²!e“`âLaTeX–¦fError:“Command“\fred“already“defined.“Or“name“\end...Ž¡‘Gillegal,–¦fsee“p.192“of“the“manualá'.‘=ÛSimilarly‘ÿe,‘c¹If‘qy²!ou–quse“â\renewcommand“áand“theŽ¡‘Gcommand–Üwname“has“not“bMÞeen“de ned‘Üxthen“yš²!ou“get“something“lik˜e“`âLaTeX–¦fError:“\hankŽ¡‘Gundefinedá'.ަ‘!GHere–¡'the“ rst“de nition‘¡&creates“a“command“with“no“argumen²!ts,›¢3and“the“second,˜a“com-Ž¡‘Gmand–¦fwith“one“required“argumen²!t:ŽŸRü‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O Leary}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}ަ‘GáUse–the“ rst›as“in“âI–¦fhighly“recommend“\student{}“to“youá.‘ éThe–second“has˜a“v‘ÿdDariableŽ¡‘Gargumen²!t,›_±so–Nthat“â\defref{def:basis}‘Náexpands“to“âDefinition~\ref{def:basis}á,˜whic²!hŽ¡‘Gultimately–¦fexpands“to“something“lik²!e“`âDefinition~3.14á'.ަ‘!GSimilarly‘ÿe,‘ì˜but›¾%with‘¾$t•²!w“o˜required‘¾$argumen“ts:‘i½â\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1–¦f\times“#2$}Ž¡‘Gáis›¦fin•²!v“ok“ed˜as˜â\nbym{2}{k}á.ަ‘!GThis–¦fexample“has“an“optional“argumen²!t.ަ‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir–¿ªor“Madam]{Dear“#1:}ަ‘GáThen–».â\salutation›»/ágiv²!es“`âDear–¦fSir“or“Madam:á'˜while–».â\salutation[John]˜ágiv²!es“`âDearŽ¡‘GJohn:á'.‘ÝÝAnd–¦fâ\salutation[]“ágiv²!es“`âDear“:á'.ަ‘!GThis–¦fexample“has“an“optional“argumenš²!t“and“t˜w˜o“required“argumen˜ts.ަ‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2,–¿ª#3,“and~#1}ŽŽŒ‹s¬sŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0115ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâI–¿ªemploy“\lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}.Ž© !‘GáThe–´boutput“is“`âI–¦femploy“Dewey,“Cheatem,“and“Howe.á'.‘ÐThe–´boptional“argumen²!t,‘÷áâHoweá,‘÷àisޤ 33‘GassošMÞciated–H`with“â#1á,‘pÞwhile“âDewey“áand“âCheatem“áare“asso˜ciated“with‘H_â#2“áand“â#3á.‘ÃËBecause“ofŽ¡‘Gthe–¸optional“argumenš²!t,‘0Bâ\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}“áwill“giv˜e‘¹the“output“`âI–¦femploy“Dewey,Ž¡‘GCheatem,–¦fand“company.á'.ŽŸ ‘!GThe–¬Žbraces“around“ådefn“ádo“not“de ne“a“group,‘®that“is,‘®they“do“not“delimit“the“scopMÞe“ofŽ¡‘Gthe–CRresult“of‘CSexpanding“ådefná.‘¼×F‘ÿeor“example,›W#with“â\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it‘¦f#1}á,˜inŽ¡‘Gthis‘¦fsen²!tence,ަ‘.ùœâThe–¿ª\shipname{Monitor}“met“the“\shipname{Merrimac}.ŽŸ ‘Gáthe–ªÙw²!ords“`âmet‘¦ftheá',›«öand“the“p•MÞerio“d,˜w²!ould–ªÙincorrectly“bMÞe“in“italics.‘ë7The“solution“is“to“putŽ¡‘Ganother–¦fpair“of“braces“inside“the“de nition:‘ÝÝâ\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it“#1}}á.ŽŸ±Û‘Gëm12.1.1‘d(Conš–átrol–íMsequence,“con˜trol“w˜ord“and“con˜trol“sym˜biolŽŽŸ³3‘GáWhen–¦freading“input“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X‘¦gcon•²!v“erts–¦fthe“stream“of“read“cš²!haracters“in˜to‘¦ga“sequence“of“åtok˜ensá.Ž¡‘GWhen–gƒT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›g‚sees“a“bac²!kslash˜â\á,‘—Êit˜will“handle“the˜folloš²!wing“c˜haracters›g‚in“a“spMÞecial˜w•²!a“y‘gƒinŽ¡‘Gorder–¦fto“makš²!e“a“åcon˜trol“sequence‘Cmátok˜en.ަ‘!GThe–¦fconš²!trol“sequences“fall“in˜to“t˜w˜o“categories:ŽŸ ‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«åcon•²!trol›Æ©w“ordá,‘κwhen‘ƪthe˜con“trol˜sequence˜is–ƪgathered˜from˜a“â\˜áfollo•²!w“ed˜b“y˜at‘ƪleast˜oneŽ¡‘'¿«ASCIMÞI–¦fletter“(âA-Z“áand“âa-zá),“follo•²!w“ed›¦fb“y˜at˜least˜one˜non-letter.ަ‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«åcon•²!trol› sym“bMÞolá,‘$4when‘ the˜con“trol˜sequence˜is˜gathered˜from˜a˜â\‘ áfollo“w“ed˜b“y˜one˜non-Ž¡‘'¿«letter‘¦fc²!haracter.ŽŸå‘!GThe–B¦sequence›B¥of“c²!haracters˜so“found“after˜the“â\˜áis“also“called˜the“åcon²!trol˜sequence“nameá.ŽŸ ‘!GBlanks–g¶after‘gµa“conš²!trol“w˜ord›gµare“ignored“and˜do“not˜proMÞduce“an²!y“whitespace˜in“theŽ¡‘Goutput–S(see›S Section“12.1˜[â\ánew²!command“&˜â\árenew²!command],›~7page“113,˜and‘S Section“19.6Ž¡‘G[â\á(SP‘ÿeA²!CE)],–¦fpage“190).ަ‘!GJust–Å×as“the›ÅÖâ\relax“ácommand“doMÞes“nothing,‘òÀthe“follo²!wing“input“will˜simply“prin²!t“`âHello!á'Ž¡‘GW‘ÿee–¦fuse“visible“spaces“`â á'“instead“of“blanks:ŽŸ ‘.ùœâHel\relax Ž¡‘.ùœ lo!ަ‘GáThis–ÊÓis“bMÞecause‘ÊÒblanks“after“â\relaxá,›Óîincluding“the“newline,˜are“ignored,˜and‘ÊÒblanks“at“theŽ¡‘GbMÞeginning–¦fof“a“line“are“also“ignored“(see“[Leading“blanks],“page“190).ŽŸ±Û‘Gëc12.2‘™ëg\providecommandŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopses,–¦fone“of:ŽŸ ‘.ùœâ\providecommand{\ècmdâ}{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\providecommand{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\providecommand{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\providecommand*{\ècmdâ}{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\providecommand*{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ]{èdefnâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\providecommand*{\ècmdâ}[ènargsâ][èoptargdefaultâ]{èdefnâ}ަ‘!GáDe nes–:àa›:ßcommand,‘Paas“long“as“no˜command“of“this˜name“already“exists.‘ºIf˜no“commandŽ¡‘Gof–y·this“name“already›y¸exists“then“this“has“the“same“e ect“as˜â\newcommandá.‘ÎøIf“a“command“ofŽ¡‘Gthis–÷ªname“already“exists“then“this“de nition“doMÞes“nothing.‘ѨThis“is“particularly“useful“in“aŽŽŒ‹t»µŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0116ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘G le–èthat›èma²!y“bMÞe“loaded˜more“than“once,‘suc²!h“as˜a“st²!yle“ le.‘žgSee“Section˜12.1“[â\ánew²!commandŽ© 33‘G&–¦fâ\árenewš²!command],“page“113,“for“the“description“of“the“argumen˜ts.ޤ,Í‘!GThis‘¦fexampleŽ¡‘.ùœâ\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint–¿ªMichael s“College}ަ‘.ùœ\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\ ee–¿ªHenri“IV}ަ‘.ùœFrom‘¿ª\myaffiliation.Ž¡‘Gáoutputs›,ö`âFrom–¦fSaint“Michael s“College.á'.‘ qŽUnlik²!e˜â\newcommandá,‘Ιthe‘,÷repMÞeated˜use˜ofަ‘Gâ\providecommand–¦fáto“(try“to)“de ne“â\myaffiliation“ádoMÞes“not“giv²!e“an“error.ŽŸó4‘Gëc12.3‘™ëg\makeatletter–f@ëc&“ëg\makeatotherŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\makeatletterަ‘:xð...–¿ªdefinition“of“commands“with“@“in“their“name“..ަ‘.ùœ\makeatotherŽ¡‘!GáUse–îíthis›îîpair“when“y²!ou˜rede ne“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“commands˜that“are˜named“with“an˜at-sign“c²!harac-ަ‘Gter–°`â@á'.‘°KThe›¯â\makeatletter“ádeclaration“mak²!es“the˜at-sign“cš²!haracter“ha˜v˜e“the‘¯category“coMÞdeަ‘Gof–tEa“letter,‘~LcošMÞde“11.‘Í(The“â\makeatother“ádeclaration“sets“the“category“co˜de‘tFof“the“at-sign“toަ‘GcoMÞde–¦f12,“its“default“v‘ÿdDalue.Ž¡‘!GAs–õjT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“reads–õicš²!haracters,‘Ðit“assigns–õjeac˜h“one“a›õicategory“co•MÞde,‘Ðor˜åcatco“deá.‘¢ßF‘ÿeor‘õjinstance,‘Ïitަ‘Gassigns–ªIthe‘ªJbacš²!kslash“c˜haracter“`â\á'›ªJthe“catcoMÞde˜0.‘é‡Command“names˜consist“of“a˜category“0ަ‘Gc•²!haracter,›}Ãordinarily‘R±bac“kslash,˜follo“w“ed‘R°b“y–R±letters,˜category“11›R°c²!haracters“(except˜that“aަ‘Gcommand–Z™name“can“also“consist“of“a“category“0“cš²!haracter“follo˜w˜ed“b˜y“a“single“non-letterަ‘Gsym²!bMÞol).ŽŸ,Α!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's–*source›*coMÞde“has˜the“con•²!v“en“tion–*that˜some“commands˜use“â@“áin˜their“name.‘´mTheseަ‘Gcommands– Áare“mainly“inš²!tended“for“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“or“class“writers.‘LîThe“con˜v˜en˜tion“prev˜en˜ts“au-ަ‘Gthors–~Àwho“are“just“using“a“pacš²!k‘ÿdDage“or‘~¿class“from“acciden˜tally“replacing“suc˜h“a“commandަ‘Gwith–¦fone“of“their“oš²!wn,“bMÞecause“b˜y“default“the“at-sign“has“catcoMÞde“12.Ž¡‘!GUse–˜=the“pair“â\makeatletter“áand“â\makeatother“áinside“a“â.tex“á le,‘ÎEt²!ypically“in“the“pream-ަ‘Gble,‘3when–ÇØy²!ou›Ç×are“de ning˜or“rede ning“commands˜named“with˜â@á,‘3bš²!y“ha˜ving‘Ç×them“sur-ަ‘Ground–^•y²!our›^–de nition.‘ÅíDon't“use“these˜inside“â.sty˜áor“â.cls“á les˜since“the˜â\usepackage“áandަ‘Gâ\documentclass–hnácommands›hmalready“arrange˜that“the˜at-sign“has˜the“c²!haracter˜coMÞde“of˜aަ‘Gletter,–¦fcatcoMÞde“11.Ž¡‘!GF‘ÿeor–?a›?comprehensiv²!e“list˜of“macros“with˜an“at-sign“in˜their“names˜see“âhttps://ctan.ަ‘Gorg/pkg/macros2eá.Ž¡‘!GIn–K$this›K%example“the“class˜ le“has“a˜command“â\thesis@universityname“áthat˜the“userަ‘Gw•²!an“ts–Ùto“cš²!hange.‘{®These“three‘Ølines“should“go“in“the“pream˜ble,‘ºÁbMÞefore“the“â\begin{document}á.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\makeatletterަ‘.ùœ\renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint–¿ªMichael s“College}ަ‘.ùœ\makeatotherŽŸó4‘Gëc12.4‘™ëg\@ifstarŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}ŽŽŒ‹uÉŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0117ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[ènostar-num-argsâ]{ènostar-bodyâ}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[èstar-num-argsâ]{èstar-bodyâ}Ž©"#‘!GáManš²!y–B7standard“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“en˜vironmen˜ts“or“commands“ha˜v˜e“a“v‘ÿdDarian˜t“with“the“same“nameŽ¡‘Gbut–U«ending›Uªwith“a“star“c²!haracter˜â*á,‘Á|an˜asterisk.‘ ë«Examples“are“the“âtable˜áand“âtable*Ž¡‘Gáen•²!vironmen“ts–¦fand“the“â\section“áand“â\section*“ácommands.ަ‘!GWhen–ê de ning“en•²!vironmen“ts,‘ :ófollo“wing–ê this“pattern“is“straigh•²!tforw“ard‘ê bMÞecauseŽ¡‘Gâ\newenvironment–’3áand“â\renewenvironment“áalloš²!w“the‘’2en˜vironmen˜t“name“to“con˜tain“a“star.Ž¡‘GSo–›yš²!ou“just“ha˜v˜e“to‘šwrite“â\newenvironment{èmyenvâ}“áor“â\newenvironment{èmyenvâ*}“áandŽ¡‘Gcon•²!tin“ue–ÿðthe›ÿñde nition“as“usual.‘ê|F‘ÿeor“commands“the˜situation“is“more“complex˜as“the“starŽ¡‘Gnot–1bšMÞeing‘2a“letter“cannot“b˜e›2part“of“the˜command“name.‘$?As“in“the˜synopsis“abMÞo•²!v“e,‘.dthereŽ¡‘Gwill–WñbšMÞe“a“user-called“command,‘ÄTgiv²!en“ab˜o•²!v“e–Wñas“â\mycmdá,‘ÄSwhic²!h“p˜eeks‘Wòahead“to“see“if“itŽ¡‘Gis›ØBfollo•²!w“ed‘ØCb“y˜a–ØCstar.‘srF‘ÿeor“instance,‘$¹LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜doMÞes“not˜really“ha•²!v“e˜a‘ØCâ\section*˜ácommand;Ž¡‘Ginstead,‘4-the›Óâ\section–Òácommand“pMÞeeks“ahead.‘2"This˜command“doMÞes“not˜accept“argumen²!tsŽ¡‘Gbut–G{instead›Gzexpands“to˜one“of˜t•²!w“o–G{commands˜that“do˜accept“argumen²!ts.‘ÁIn“the˜synopsisŽ¡‘Gthese› œt•²!w“o˜are˜â\mycmd@nostar˜áand˜â\mycmd@stará.‘ ~They˜could˜tak“e˜the˜same˜n“um“bMÞer˜ofŽ¡‘Gargumenš²!ts–Æor‘Æa“di eren˜t–Æn˜um˜bMÞer,‘Î or“no‘Æargumen˜ts“at–Æall.‘=As“alw˜a˜ys,‘Î in“a‘ÆLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞcumen˜tŽ¡‘Ga–&åcommand›&äusing“an“at-sign˜â@“áin“its˜name“m²!ust˜bMÞe“enclosed“inside˜a“â\makeatletter‘¦f...Ž¡‘G\makeatother–¦fábloMÞcš²!k“(see“Section“12.3“[â\ámak˜eatletter“&“â\ámak˜eatother],“page“116).ަ‘!GThis–ï™example›ï˜of“â\@ifstar˜áde nes“the˜command“â\ciel˜áand“a˜v‘ÿdDarian²!t“â\ciel*á.‘¹tBothŽ¡‘Gha•²!v“e–þ%“Note“asuper Ž¡‘.ùœThe–¿ªvalue“of“asuper“is“\arabic{asuper}“and“of“asub“is“\arabic{asub}.Ž¡‘.ùœ\stepcounter{asuper}Ž¡‘.ùœNow–¿ªasuper“is“\arabic{asuper}“while“asub“is“\arabic{asub}.ŽŸÐ‘!GáproMÞduces› eð`âThe–¦fvalue“of“asuper“is“1“and“that“of“asub“is“3á'˜and˜`âNow“asuper“is“2Ž¡‘Gwhile–¦fasub“is“0á'.ަ‘!GIf–òthe“counš²!ter“already“exists,‘„ùfor“instance“b˜y“en˜tering“âasuper“át˜wice,‘„ùthen“y˜ou“getŽ¡‘Gsomething‘ $lik²!e‘ #`âLaTeX–¦fError:“Command“\c@asuper“already“defined.“Or“name“\end...Ž¡‘Gillegal,–¦fsee“p.192“of“the“manual.á'.ަ‘!GIf–*°yš²!ou“use‘*¯the“optional“argumen˜t“then“the‘*¯supMÞer“coun˜ter“m˜ust“already“exist.‘jºEn˜teringŽ¡‘Gâ\newcounter{jh}[lh]–káwhen“âlh“áis“not“a‘jde ned“counš²!ter“will“get“y˜ou“`âLaTeX–¦fError:“NoŽ¡‘Gcounter–¦f lh “defined.á'ŽŸë4‘Gëc12.6‘™ëg\newlengthŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\newlength{\èlenâ}ŽŸÐ‘!GáAlloMÞcate–ca“new“length“register“(see“Chapter“14“[Lengths],‘pëpage“139).‘Ç•The“required“argu-Ž¡‘Gmenš²!t–ªÅâ\èlen“áhas“to“bMÞe‘ªÄa“con˜trol“sequence“(see“Section“12.1.1“[Con˜trol“sequences],‘«Üpage“115),Ž¡‘Gand–˜*as“suc•²!h›˜)m“ust–˜*bMÞegin“with“a˜bac²!kslash,‘›â\“áunder˜normal“circumstances.‘ÙThe“new“registerŽ¡‘Gholds–O’rubbMÞer“lengths“suc²!h“as“â72.27pt‘O‘áor“â1in–¦fplus.2in“minus.1in–O’á(a“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“length“registerŽ¡‘Gis–ebwhat›eaplain“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜calls“a˜âskip“áregister).‘ÐThe˜initial“v‘ÿdDalue“is˜zero.‘ÐThe˜con²!trol“sequenceŽ¡‘Gâ\èlen–¦fám²!ust“not“bMÞe“already“de ned.ަ‘!GAn‘¦fexample:ަ‘.ùœâ\newlength{\graphichgt}ŽŽŒ‹wæÈŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0119ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GIf–iõyš²!ou‘iöforget“the“bac˜kslash“then‘iöy˜ou“get“`âMissing–¦fcontrol“sequence“insertedá'.‘ (‹Ifޤ 33‘Gthe–&conš²!trol“sequence‘%already“exists“then“y˜ou“get‘%something“lik˜e“`âLaTeX–¦fError:“CommandŽ¡‘G\graphichgt–¦falready“defined.“Or“name“\end...“illegal,“see“p.192“of“the“manualá'.ŽŸIõ‘Gëc12.7‘™ëg\newsaveboxŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ޤØ.‘.ùœâ\newsavebox{\ècmdâ}Ž¡‘!GáDe ne–†`â\åcmdá,‘ŒÇthe›†_string“consisting˜of“a˜bacš²!kslash“follo˜w˜ed“b˜y›†_åcmdá,‘ŒÇto“refer˜to“a˜new“binޤ 33‘Gfor–™Ystoring›™Xmaterial.‘ÙƒThese“bins“hold˜material“that˜has“b•MÞeen˜t²!yp“eset,‘›õto–™Yuse˜m²!ultiple“timesŽ¡‘Gor–Tto“measure“or“manipulate“(see“Chapter“20“[Bo²!xes],‘€page“199).‘èXThe“bin“name“â\åcmd‘ÂááisŽ¡‘Grequired,‘0êm²!ust–Šstart›‹with“a˜bac•²!kslash,‘0êâ\á,‘0éand˜m“ust˜not–Šalready˜bMÞe“a˜de ned˜command.‘¬éThisŽ¡‘Gcommand–¦fis“fragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).Ž©Ø.‘!GThis–¦fallošMÞcates“a“bin“and“then“puts“t²!yp˜eset“material“in²!to“it.ŽŸØ-‘.ùœâ\newsavebox{\logobox}Ž¡‘.ùœ\savebox{\logobox}{LoGo}Ž¡‘.ùœOur–¿ªlogo“is“\usebox{\logobox}.ަ‘GáThe–¦foutput“is“`âOur“logo“is“LoGoá'.ަ‘!GIf–RFthere“is›RGan“already“de 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ne–"or›#rede ne“the“en•²!vironmen“t˜åen“vá,–Qthat˜is,“create–"the˜construct“â\begin{èenvâ}‘¦f...Ž¡‘Gèbody–¦fâ...“\end{èenvâ}á.ަ‘!GThe–ÕSstarred“form“of›ÕRthese“commands“requires“that“the“argumen²!ts˜not“conš²!tain“m˜ulti-Ž¡‘Gple–Qparagraphs“of“text.‘ !Ho•²!w“ev“er,‘mKthe›Qb•MÞo“dy˜of˜these‘Pen•²!vironmen“ts˜can˜con“tain˜m“ultipleŽ¡‘Gparagraphs.ŽŸ}(‘Gåen•²!v‘)d%áRequired;‘ Zthe›Sen“vironmen“t–Tname.‘Ú×It˜consists“only˜of“letters˜or“the˜â*“ác²!haracter,Ž¡‘Kâ:and–#th²!us‘"došMÞes“not“b˜egin‘"with“bacš²!kslash,‘2â\á.‘-It“m˜ust›"not“bMÞegin“with˜the“stringŽŽŒ‹xò¶Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0120ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Kâ:âendá.‘ÇF‘ÿeor›aúâ\newenvironmentá,‘oªthe–aûname“åen•²!v‘Rám“ust˜not–aûbMÞe“the“name˜of“an“alreadyޤ 33‘Kâ:existing›'¹en•²!vironmen“t,‘ˆ and˜also˜the‘'¸command˜â\èenv˜ám“ust‘'¸bMÞe˜unde ned.‘ aÕF‘ÿeorŽ¡‘Kâ:â\renewenvironmentá,›¦fåen•²!v‘–~ám“ust˜bMÞe˜the˜name˜of˜an˜existing˜en“vironmen“t.Ž©zâ‘Gånargs‘ 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nition‘pof“the“en˜viron-Ž¡‘Kâ:menš²!t–Ä«then“y˜ou“can“start“the“en˜vironmen˜t“with“square“brac˜k˜ets,‘Ì:as“inŽ¡‘Kâ:â\begin{èenvâ}[èoptvalâ]{...}–¦f...“\end{èenvâ}á.‘¸¢In–ïSthis›ïRcase,‘within“åbMÞegdefn˜átheŽ¡‘Kâ:parameter––Vâ#1›–Wáis“set“to“the˜v›ÿdDalue“of“åoptv˜alá.‘­®If“y²!ou“call‘–Wâ\begin{èenvâ}“áwithoutŽ¡‘Kâ:square›ˆÃbrac•²!k“ets,‘ÁZthen˜within˜åbMÞegdefn˜áthe˜parameter˜â#1‘ˆÄáis˜set˜to˜the˜v‘ÿdDalue˜ofŽ¡‘Kâ:the–­ default“åoptargdefaultá.‘ñÆIn“either“case,‘î²anš²!y“required“argumen˜ts“start“withŽ¡‘Kâ:â#2á.ަ‘Kâ:Omitting–¨yâ[èmyvalâ]“áin“the“call“is“di erenš²!t“than“ha˜ving“the“square“brac˜k˜ets“withŽ¡‘Kâ:no›P0con•²!ten“ts,‘anas˜in–P1â[]á.‘Á The˜former˜results˜in“â#1˜áexpanding˜to˜åoptargdefault=á;‘lítheŽ¡‘Kâ:latter–¦fresults“in“â#1“áexpanding“to“the“empt²!y“string.Ž©zâ‘GåbšMÞegdef‘ÊŠáRequired;‘j„the–~ztext“expanded“at“ev²!ery“o˜ccurrence“of‘~{â\begin{èenvâ}á.‘ fWithinŽ¡‘Kâ:åbMÞegdefá,›‹@the–*Hparameters“â#1á,˜â#2á,‘‹?...‘ iƒâ#ènargsá,˜are“replaced“b²!y“the“v‘ÿdDalues“thatŽ¡‘Kâ:yš²!ou–¦fsupply“when“y˜ou“call“the“en˜vironmen˜t;“see“the“examples“bMÞelo˜w.ަ‘Gåenddef‘|¬áRequired;‘Ýthe–ÊÚtext“expanded“at“evš²!ery“oMÞccurrence‘ÊÛof“â\end{èenvâ}á.‘K9This“ma˜y“notŽ¡‘Kâ:con•²!tain›ÎSan“y‘ÎRparameters,‘ØNthat˜is,‘ØMy“ou˜cannot‘ÎRuse˜â#1á,–ØNâ#2á,‘ØMetc.,“here˜(but‘ÎRsee˜theŽ¡‘Kâ: nal–¦fexample“bMÞelo²!w).ަ‘!GAll›5`en•²!vironmen“ts,‘Kûthat˜is˜to˜sa“y˜the‘5aåb•MÞegdef‘SÛáco“de,‘Kûthe˜en•²!vironmen“t˜b•MÞo“dy‘ÿe,‘Kûand˜the˜åenddefŽ¡‘Gáco•MÞde,‘3gare›äpro“cessed˜within–äa˜group.‘–­Th²!us,‘3fin“the˜ rst“example˜bMÞelo²!w,‘3gthe˜e ect“of˜theŽ¡‘Gâ\small–¤,áis›¤-limited“to“the“quote˜and“doMÞes“not˜extend“to“material“follo²!wing˜the“en•²!vironmen“t.Ž©× ‘!GIf–XJy²!ou›XKtry“to“de ne˜an“en•²!vironmen“t–XJand˜the“name“has˜already“bMÞeen“used˜then“y²!ouŽ¡‘Gget– {something“lik²!e“`âLaTeX–¦fError:“Command“\fred“already“defined.“Or“name“\end...Ž¡‘Gillegal,–¦fsee“p.192“of“the“manualá'.‘?JIf–Æàyš²!ou“try“to‘Æßrede ne“an“en˜vironmen˜t“and‘Æßthe“nameŽ¡‘Ghas–90not›9/y²!et“bMÞeen“used“then˜y²!ou“get“something˜lik²!e“`âLaTeX–¦fError:“Environment“hankŽ¡‘Gundefined.á'.ŽŸ× ‘!GThis–­(example‘­'givš²!es“an“en˜vironmen˜t“lik˜e›­'LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“âquotation“áexcept˜that“it“will“bMÞe˜set“inŽ¡‘Gsmaller‘¦ft²!ypMÞe.ަ‘.ùœâ\newenvironment{smallquote}{%Ž¡‘:xð\small\begin{quotation}Ž¡‘.ùœ}{%Ž¡‘:xð\end{quotation}ŽŽŒ‹yþ˜Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0121ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ}ީɑ!GáThis–¦fhas“an“argumenš²!t,“whic˜h“is“set“in“bMÞoldface“at“the“start“of“a“paragraph.ŽŸÉ‘.ùœâ\newenvironment{point}[1]{%ޤ 33‘:xð\noindent\textbf{#1}Ž¡‘.ùœ}{%Ž¡‘.ùœ}ަ‘!GáThis–=6one“shoš²!ws“the“use“of“a‘=7optional“argumen˜t;‘ˆžit“giv˜es“a“quotation“en˜vironmen˜t“thatŽ¡‘Gcites–¦fthe“author.ަ‘.ùœâ\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%Ž¡‘:xð\begin{quotation}Ž¡‘:xð\noindent\textit{#1}:Ž¡‘.ùœ}{%Ž¡‘:xð\end{quotation}Ž¡‘.ùœ}ަ‘GáThe–A"author's“name“is“optional,›gÑand“defaults“to‘A!`âShakespeareá'.‘®In“the“doMÞcumen²!t,˜use“theŽ¡‘Gen•²!vironmen“t›¦flik“e˜this.ŽŸÉ‘.ùœâ\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{citequote}ަ‘!GáThe–«¾ nal“example“shoš²!ws“ho˜w“to“sa˜v˜e“the“v‘ÿdDalue“of“an“argumen˜t“to“use“in“åenddefá,‘­in“thisŽ¡‘Gcase–¦fin“a“bšMÞo²!x“(see“Section“20.5“[â\ásb˜oš²!x“&“â\ása˜v˜ebMÞo˜x],“page“203).ަ‘.ùœâ\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%Ž¡‘:xð\sbox\quoteauthor{#1}%Ž¡‘:xð\begin{quotation}Ž¡‘.ùœ}{%Ž¡‘:xð\hspace{1em–¿ªplus“1fill}---\usebox{\quoteauthor}Ž¡‘:xð\end{quotation}Ž¡‘.ùœ}ŽŸ`·‘Gëc12.9‘™ëg\newtheoremŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopses:ަ‘.ùœâ\newtheorem{ènameâ}{ètitleâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newtheorem{ènameâ}{ètitleâ}[ènumbered_withinâ]Ž¡‘.ùœ\newtheorem{ènameâ}[ènumbered_likeâ]{ètitleâ}ަ‘!GáDe ne–DÉa‘DÊnew“theorem-likš²!e“en˜vironmen˜t.‘¹Y‘ÿeou“can›DÊspMÞecify“one“of˜ån•²!um“bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtwithin‘DÉáandŽ¡‘Gån•²!um“bšMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtlik“eá,–¦for“neither,“but“not“b˜oth.ŽŸÉ‘!GThe› rst–€form,‘¼â\newtheorem{ènameâ}{ètitleâ}á,‘¼creates“an˜en•²!vironmen“t˜that˜will‘€b•MÞe˜lab“elledŽ¡‘Gwith–¦fåtitle‘á;“see“the“ rst“example“bMÞelo²!w.ަ‘!GThe–j‚second“form,‘v|â\newtheorem{ènameâ}{ètitleâ}[ènumbered_withinâ]á,‘v}creates“an“en²!viron-Ž¡‘Gmen•²!t›ôwhose‘ôœcoun“ter˜is˜subMÞordinate‘ôœto˜the˜existing˜coun“ter›ôœån“um“bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtwithiná,‘,so˜this‘ôcoun“terŽ¡‘Gwill–¦fbšMÞe“reset“when“ån•²!um“b˜ered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtwithin–¦fáis“reset.‘ÝÝSee“the“second“example“b˜elo²!w.ŽŽŒ‹z Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0122ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThe–|­third“form‘|¬â\newtheorem{ènameâ}[ènumbered_likeâ]{ètitleâ}á,‘…with“optional“argumen²!tޤ 33‘GbMÞet•²!w“een›ÆÏthe‘ÆÐt“w“o˜required˜argumen“ts,‘Îêcreates˜an˜en“vironmen“t‘ÆÐwhose˜coun“ter˜will‘ÆÐshare˜theŽ¡‘Gpreviously–¦fde ned“counš²!ter“ån˜um˜bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtlik˜eá.‘ÝÝSee“the“third“example.Ž©X‘!GThis–ÕÝcommand›ÕÜcreates“a˜coun²!ter“named“ånameá.‘˜ZIn˜addition,‘ÿ’unless“the˜optional“argumen²!tŽ¡‘Gån•²!um“bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtlik“e‘©fáis– _used,‘%Þinside“of“the“theorem-likš²!e“en˜vironmen˜t“the‘ `curren˜t“â\ref“áv‘ÿdDalue“willŽ¡‘GbMÞe–¦fthat“of“â\theènumbered_within“á(see“Section“7.3“[â\áref‘Ú],“page“49).ަ‘!GThis–¦fdeclaration“is“global.‘ÝÝIt“is“fragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ަ‘!GArgumen²!ts:ŽŸj‘Gåname‘ D$áThe–Ìÿname“of“the›Íen•²!vironmen“t.‘Q¨It–Ìÿis“a˜string“of“letters.‘Q¨It˜m²!ust“not“bMÞegin“withŽ¡‘Kâ:a–2¥bacš²!kslash,‘Uµâ\á.‘‚›It“m˜ust“not›2¦bMÞe“the“name“of“an˜existing“en•²!vironmen“t,‘Uµand‘2¥theŽ¡‘Kâ:command–¦fname“â\èname“ám²!ust“not“already“bMÞe“de ned.Ž©X‘Gåtitle‘&YyáThe–!Htext›!Ito“bMÞe˜prin²!ted“at˜the“bMÞeginning˜of“the˜en•²!vironmen“t,‘;èbMÞefore‘!Hthe˜n“um“bMÞer.Ž¡‘Kâ:F‘ÿeor–¦fexample,“`âTheoremá'.ަ‘Gån•²!um“bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘ÑtwithinŽ¡‘Kâ:áOptional;‘wÚthe–`“name›`”of“an˜already“de ned˜coun²!ter,‘nŠusually˜a“sectional˜unit“suc²!hŽ¡‘Kâ:as–èÅâchapter“áor“âsectioná.‘¤úWhen‘èÆthe“ån•²!um“bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtwithin›èÅácoun“ter˜is˜reset˜then˜theŽ¡‘Kâ:åname‘Cmáen•²!vironmen“t's›¦fcoun“ter˜will˜also˜bMÞe˜reset.ŽŸE¢‘Kâ:If–Ó4this“optional“argumen²!t“is“not“used“then“the“command“â\theèname“áis“set“toŽ¡‘Kâ:â\arabic{ènameâ}á.ަ‘Gån•²!um“bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtlik“eŽ¡‘Kâ:áOptional;‘the–ò‚name‘òƒof“an“already“de ned“theorem-likš²!e“en˜vironmen˜t.‘Â2The“newŽ¡‘Kâ:en•²!vironmen“t–¦fwill“bšMÞe“n•²!um“b˜ered–¦fin“sequence“with“ån•²!um“b˜ered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtlik“eá.ŽŸj‘!GWithout–‚°anš²!y‘‚¯optional“argumen˜ts‘‚¯the“en˜vironmen˜ts‘‚¯are“n˜um˜bMÞered‘‚¯sequen˜tially‘ÿe.‘ rºTheŽ¡‘Gexample–ú½bMÞelo²!w›ú¼has“a˜declaration“in˜the“pream²!ble˜that“results˜in“`âDefinition‘¿ª1á'˜andŽ¡‘G`âDefinition‘¿ª2á'–¦fin“the“output.Ž©X‘.ùœâ\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{document}Ž¡‘.ùœ\section{...}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{defn}Ž¡‘:xðFirst‘¿ªdefŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{defn}ŽŸff‘.ùœ\section{...}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{defn}Ž¡‘:xðSecond‘¿ªdefŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{defn}ަ‘!GáThis– Öexample“has“the“same“došMÞcumen²!t“b˜o˜dy“as‘ ×the“prior“one.‘M-But“here“â\newtheoremá'sŽ¡‘Goptional–  argumenš²!t“ån˜um˜bMÞered‘Ä>‰x³HøŽ‘Ñtwithin“áis“giv˜en“as“âsectioná,‘ [pso“the“output“is“lik˜eŽ¡‘G`âDefinition›¿ª1.1á'–¦fand“`âDefinition˜2.1á'.ަ‘.ùœâ\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{document}Ž¡‘.ùœ\section{...}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{defn}ŽŽŒ‹{³Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0123ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘:xðâFirst‘¿ªdefޤ 33‘.ùœ\end{defn}Ž©ff‘.ùœ\section{...}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{defn}Ž¡‘:xðSecond‘¿ªdefŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{defn}ŽŸïÖ‘!GáIn–úEthe“next“example“there“are“t•²!w“o–úEdeclarations“in“the“preamš²!ble,‘²the“second“of“whic˜h“callsŽ¡‘Gfor–·ðthe›·ïnew“âthm˜áen•²!vironmen“t–·ðto˜use“the“same˜coun²!ter“as˜âdefná.‘zIt˜giv²!es“`âDefinition‘¿ª1.1á',Ž¡‘Gfollo•²!w“ed›¦fb“y˜`âTheorem–¿ª2.1á'˜and˜`âDefinition“2.2á'.ŽŸïÕ‘.ùœâ\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]Ž¡‘.ùœ\newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{document}Ž¡‘.ùœ\section{...}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{defn}Ž¡‘:xðFirst‘¿ªdefŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{defn}ަ‘.ùœ\section{...}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{thm}Ž¡‘:xðFirst‘¿ªthmŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{thm}ަ‘.ùœ\begin{defn}Ž¡‘:xðSecond‘¿ªdefŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{defn}ŽŸô‘Gëc12.10‘™ëg\newfontŽŽŸ33‘GáThis–·²command›·³is“obsolete.‘ÂThis“description“is˜here“only“to“help˜with“old“doMÞcumen²!ts.‘ÂNewŽ¡‘GdoMÞcumenš²!ts–pØshould“de ne“fon˜ts“in“families‘pÙthrough“the“New“F‘ÿeon˜t“Selection“Sc˜heme“whic˜hŽ¡‘Gallo•²!ws›mÇy“ou˜to,–ߟfor˜example,“asso•MÞciate˜a‘mÈb“oldface˜with˜a˜roman˜(see‘mÈChapter˜4˜[F‘ÿeon²!ts],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f14).ޤïÕ‘!GSynopsis:Ž©ïÖ‘.ùœâ\newfont{\ècmdâ}{èfont‘¿ªdescriptionâ}Ž¡‘!GáDe ne–îa›ícommand“â\ècmd“áthat˜will“c²!hange“the˜currenš²!t“fon˜t.‘,tThe“con˜trol‘ísequence“m˜ustޤ 33‘Gnot–¦falready“bšMÞe“de ned.‘ÝÝIt“m²!ust“b˜egin“with“a“bac²!kslash,“â\á.ަ‘!GThe–þxåfon²!t›þwdescription“áconsists˜of“a˜åfon²!tname‘›áand˜an“optional˜åat“clauseá.‘æLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will˜loMÞokŽ¡‘Gon–¯yš²!our“system“for“a“ le“named“èfontnameâ.tfmá.‘÷ØThe“at“clause“can“ha˜v˜e“the“form“either“âatŽ¡‘Gèdimen–yËáor“âscaled‘¦fèfactorá,‘‚¶where“a“åfactor‘Bôáof‘yÊ`â1000á'“means“no“scaling.‘ÎþF‘ÿeor“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“purpMÞoses,Ž¡‘Gall–Cthis›CdoMÞes“is“scale“all˜the“c²!haracter“and“other˜fonš²!t“dimensions“relativ˜e“to‘Cthe“fon˜t's“designŽ¡‘Gsize,–¦fwhic²!h“is“a“v‘ÿdDalue“de ned“in“the“â.tfm“á le.ŽŸïÕ‘!GThis–¦fde nes“t•²!w“o›¦fequiv‘ÿdDalen“t˜fon“ts˜and˜t“ypMÞesets˜a˜few˜c“haracters˜in˜eac“h.ަ‘.ùœâ\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10–¿ªat“11pt}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10–¿ªscaled“1100}ŽŽŒ‹|"ZŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0124ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\testfontat‘¿ªabcޤ 33‘.ùœ\testfontscaled‘¿ªabcŽŸ–1‘Gëc12.11‘™ëg\protectŽŽŸ33‘GáAll–ИLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›Зcommands“are˜either“åfragile‘mžáor“årobustá.‘\qA‘Ðfragile˜command“can˜break“when˜it“isŽ¡‘Gused–Nîin“the“argumenš²!t“to‘Nïcertain“other“commands,‘`lt˜ypically“those‘Nïthat“write“material“to“theŽ¡‘Gtable–Gof“con•²!ten“ts,›oÅthe–Gcross-reference“ le,˜etc.‘Á(T‘ÿeo“prev•²!en“t–Gfragile“commands“from“causingŽ¡‘Gerrors,–¦fone“solution“is“to“precede“them“with“the“command“â\protectá.Ž©~K‘!GF‘ÿeor–íôexample,‘?Öwhen“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›íóruns“the“â\section{èsection‘¦fnameâ}˜ácommand“it˜writes“theŽ¡‘Gåsection–ü’name‘™˜átext“to›ü‘the“â.aux˜áauxiliary“ le,‘mo²!ving˜it“there˜for“use˜elsewhere“in˜the“doMÞc-Ž¡‘Gumen•²!t›*suc“h–+as˜in“the˜table“of˜con•²!ten“ts.‘3*Suc“h‘+an˜argumen“t–+that˜is“used˜in“m²!ultiple˜placesŽ¡‘Gis–™†referred“to“as“a“åmoš²!ving“argumen˜tá.‘·=A‘™Gcommand“is“fragile“if“it“can“expand“during“thisŽ¡‘GproMÞcess›±Òin•²!to‘±Ñin“v‘ÿdDalid˜T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–±ÑcoMÞde.‘ Some“examples˜of“mo•²!ving˜argumen“ts–±Ñare˜those“that˜appMÞearŽ¡‘Gin–Ý>the“â\caption{...}›Ý?ácommand“(see“Section“8.10“[ gure],–êôpage˜60),“in–Ý>the“â\thanks{...}Ž¡‘Gácommand–de(see“Section›df18.1“[â\ámak²!etitle],–“äpage˜181),“and–dein“@-expressions˜in“the“âtabularŽ¡‘Gáand–¦fâarray“áen•²!vironmen“ts–¦f(see“Section“8.23“[tabular],“page“87).ŽŸ~L‘!GIf–Žoy²!ou“get›Žnstrange“errors“from“commands˜used“in“moš²!ving“argumen˜ts,‘Èptry“preceding“itŽ¡‘Gwith–¦fâ\protectá.‘ÝÝEacš²!h“fragile“command“m˜ust“bMÞe“protected“with“their“o˜wn“â\protectá.ަ‘!GAlthough–=usually›=~a“â\protect“ácommand˜doMÞesn't“h²!urt,‘#Clength“commands˜suc²!h“asŽ¡‘Gâ\parindent–IIáshould›IJnot“bMÞe˜preceded“b²!y“a˜â\protect“ácommand˜(see“Chapter˜14“[Lengths],Ž¡‘Gpage–Lt139.‘ ÐNor“can›Lua“â\protect“ácommand“bMÞe˜used“in“the“argumen²!t˜to“â\addtocounterŽ¡‘Gáor–Ì7â\setcounter“ácommand“(see“Section“13.4“[â\ásetcoun²!ter],‘U«page“137,‘Uªand“Section“13.5Ž¡‘G[â\áaddtoMÞcoun²!ter],–¦fpage“137.‘ÝÝThese“commands“are“already“robust.ަ‘!GAs–ï“of“the›ï’OctobMÞer“2019“release“of˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“(âhttps://www.latex-project.org/news/Ž¡‘Glatex2e-news/ltnews30.pdfá),‘ most–å‰commands›åŠthat“had“bMÞeen˜previously“fragile˜w²!ere“ xedŽ¡‘Gto– bMÞe“robust.‘ÒF‘ÿeor“example,‘+·anš²!y“command“taking“an“optional“argumen˜t,‘+·suc˜h“as“â\root“áorŽ¡‘Gâ\raiseboxá,–‘Ýw²!as›Œ»fragile,“but˜is˜no²!w‘Œºrobust.‘ÕOSimilarly‘ÿe,“â\(...\)˜ámath˜w•²!as˜fragile‘Œºand˜is˜no“wŽ¡‘Grobust–¦f(â$...$“áhas“alw•²!a“ys–¦fbMÞeen“robust).ŽŸ~L‘!GP²!erhaps–¦fthe“most“commonly“used“remaining“fragile“command“is“â\verbá;“for“example,ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{figure}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘:xð\caption{This–¿ª\verb|\command|“causes“an“error.}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{figure}ŽŸ~L‘!GáAdding–ÃQâ\protect›ÃPádoMÞes“not˜help“here.‘4œIt's“usually˜feasible“to˜rewrite“the˜caption“(orŽ¡‘Gsection–¦fheading“or“whatev²!er)“to“use“â\textttá,“often“the“simplest“solution.ަ‘!GAlternativ²!ely‘ÿe,›VÌto–Ruse“â\verbá,˜y²!ou“can“apply“the‘Qâ\cprotect“ácommand“from“âcprotectŽ¡‘Gápac²!k‘ÿdDage–¦f(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/cprotectá)“to“the“â\captioná:ަ‘.ùœâ\cprotect\caption{This–¿ª\verb|\command|“is“ok“with“\verb|\cprotect|.}ŽŸ~L‘!G\cprotect–@›áalso“alloš²!ws“use“of“â\begin...\end“áen˜vironmen˜ts‘@šin“mo˜ving“argumen˜ts,‘T÷whereŽ¡‘Gthey–¦fare“normally“not“allo•²!w“ed,–¦fvia“a“similar“pre x“command“â\cprotEnvá.ŽŸ–1‘Gëc12.12‘™ëg\ignorespaces–ff&“\ignorespacesafterendŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\ignorespacesŽŽŒ‹}+tŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0125ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GorŽ©€‘.ùœâ\ignorespacesafterendŽŸ€‘!GáBoth–ª:commands›ª9cause“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“to“ignore˜blanks“(that“is,‘ë.c²!haracters“of“catcoMÞde˜10“suc²!hޤ 33‘Gas–ô?space›ô>or“tabulation)“after˜the“end˜of“the“command˜up“to“the˜ rst“bMÞo²!x˜or“non-blankŽ¡‘Gcš²!haracter.‘ÝÝThe–¦f rst“is“a“primitiv˜e“command“of“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X,“and“the“second“is“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X-spMÞeci c.ަ‘!GThe–Ë’â\ignorespaces“áis›Ë“often“used“when“de ning˜commands“via“â\newcommandá,‘”ÜorŽ¡‘Gâ\newenvironmentá,‘Žãor–`dâ\defá.› ×The‘`cexample“bMÞelo²!w“illustrates.˜It“alloš²!ws“a‘`cuser“to“sho˜w“theŽ¡‘GpMÞoin²!ts–´v‘ÿdDalues“for›µquiz“questions“in“the“margin“but˜it“is“incon•²!v“enien“t–´bMÞecause,‘1ˆas“sho²!wn“inŽ¡‘Gthe›Ø­âenumerate–جálist,‘å?users“m²!ust˜not˜put“an•²!y˜space˜bMÞet“w“een–جthe˜command˜and“the˜questionŽ¡‘Gtext.ŽŸ€‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{enumerate}Ž¡‘:xð\item\points{10}no–¿ªextra“space“output“hereŽ¡‘:xð\item\points{15}–¿ªextra“space“between“the“number“and“the“extra Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{enumerate}ަ‘GáThe–¦fsolution“is“to“c²!hange“to“this.ŽŸ€‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\points}[1]{%Ž¡‘:xð\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}ަ‘!GáA‘ªsecond–Ãexample›Âsho²!ws“blanks˜bMÞeing“remo•²!v“ed˜from‘Ãthe˜fron“t‘Ãof˜text.‘õóThe˜commandsŽ¡‘GbMÞelo•²!w›2’allo“w–2‘a˜user˜to“uniformly˜attac²!h˜a˜title“to˜names.‘·ABut,–I¼as˜giv²!en,“if˜a‘2‘title˜acciden²!tallyŽ¡‘Gstarts–¦fwith“a“space“then“â\fullname“áwill“reproMÞduce“that.ŽŸ€‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}}–¿ª%“remember“titleŽ¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\honorific~#1}‘(=¦%–¿ªput“title“before“nameŽŸff‘.ùœ\begin{tabular}{|l|}Ž¡‘.ùœ\honorific{Mr/Ms}– T\fullname{Jones}›¿ª\\“%˜no˜extra˜space˜hereŽ¡‘.ùœ\honorific{–¿ªMr/Ms}“\fullname{Jones}‘¾R%“extra“space“before“titleŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular}ަ‘GáT‘ÿeo–¦f x“this,“c²!hange“to“â\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}á.ŽŸ€‘!GThe–`«â\ignorespaces›`ªáis“also“often“used˜in“a“â\newenvironment˜áat“the“end“of˜the“åbMÞeginŽ¡‘Gáclause,–¦fas“in“â\begin{newenvironment}{èenv“nameâ}{...“\ignorespaces}{...}á.ަ‘!GT‘ÿeo–ðïstrip“blanks›ððo “the“end“of˜an“en•²!vironmen“t–ðïuse“â\ignorespacesafterendá.‘¡aAn“exampleŽ¡‘Gis–Úbthat“this‘Úawill“shoš²!w“a“m˜uc˜h“larger‘Úav˜ertical“space“bMÞet˜w˜een“the“ rst‘Úaand“second“en˜vironmen˜tsŽ¡‘Gthan›¦fbMÞet•²!w“een˜the˜second˜and˜third.ŽŸ€‘.ùœâ\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{eq}Ž¡‘.ùœe=mc^2Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{eq}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘.ùœF=maŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘.ùœE=IRŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ŽŽŒ‹~:WŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0126ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GPutting–ea“commen•²!t›fc“haracter–eâ%“áimmediately“after“the“â\end{eq}˜áwill“mak²!e“theޤ 33‘Gvš²!ertical––space“disappMÞear,‘‘ébut“that“is“incon˜v˜enien˜t.‘¬¶The“solution“is‘–to“c˜hange“toŽ¡‘Gâ\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}á.ŽŸ!`‘Gëc12.13‘™ëgxspace‘f@ëcpacŒÌk‘ÿ™ageŽŽŸ33‘GáThis–¦fis“an“add-on“pac²!k‘ÿdDage,“not“part“of“core“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.‘ÝÝSynopsis:Ž©Þ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{xspace}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{...}{...\xspace}ަ‘!GáThe›;â\xspace–;ámacro,‘P”when“used˜at˜the“end˜of“a˜command˜de nition,‘P“adds˜a“space˜unlessŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fcommand“is“follo•²!w“ed›¦fb“y˜certain˜punctuation˜c“haracters.ŽŸß‘!GAfter–òùa›òøcon²!trol“sequence˜that“is˜a“con•²!trol˜w“ord–òù(see˜Section“12.1.1˜[Con²!trol“sequences],Ž¡‘Gpage–¤™115,‘¤ôas“oppMÞosed“to‘¤˜conš²!trol“sym˜bMÞols‘¤˜suc˜h“as›¤˜â\$á),‘¤õT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“gobbles˜blank“c•²!haracters.‘ÝCTh“us,Ž¡‘Gin–9the“ rst‘8senš²!tence“bMÞelo˜w,‘uíthe“output‘8has“`âVermontá'“placed“sn˜ugly‘8against“the“p•MÞerio“d,Ž¡‘Gwithout–¦fanš²!y“in˜terv˜ening“space,“despite“the“space“in“the“input.ަ‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}Ž¡‘.ùœOur–¿ªcollege“is“in“\VT“.Ž¡‘.ùœ\VT{}–¿ªsummers“are“nice.ަ‘!GáBut–ÅbMÞecause›Æof“the“gobbling,‘*the˜second“sen²!tence“needs“the˜empt²!y“curly“braces˜or“elseŽ¡‘Gthere–æíwš²!ould“bMÞe“no‘æîspace“separating“`âVermontá'“from“`âsummersá'.‘Ÿs(Man˜y“authors“instead“useŽ¡‘Ga–¦fbacš²!kslash-space“â\‘LÌáfor“this.‘ÝÝSee“Section“19.6“[â\á(SP‘ÿeA˜CE)],“page“190.)ަ‘!GThe–ëKâxspace“ápac•²!k‘ÿdDage›ëJpro“vides–ëKâ\xspaceá.‘¬ŒIt˜is“for“writing“commands˜whic²!h“are“designedŽ¡‘Gto–ÆbMÞe›Æused“mainly“in“text.‘=It“m²!ust˜bMÞe“placed“at“the˜v²!ery“end“of“the˜de nition“of“theseŽ¡‘Gcommands.‘{†It–Úôinserts›Úóa“space˜after“that“command˜unless“what“immediately˜follo²!ws“is˜in“aŽ¡‘Glist–¦fof“exceptions.‘ÝÝIn“this“example,“the“empt²!y“braces“are“not“needed.ŽŸß‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace}Ž¡‘.ùœOur–¿ªcollege“is“in“\VT“.Ž¡‘.ùœ\VT–¿ªsummers“are“nice.ަ‘!GáThe–£default“exception“list“conš²!tains“the“c˜haracters‘¢â,. /?;:!~-)á,‘µòthe“opMÞen“curly“braceŽ¡‘Gand–%the“bacš²!kslash-space“command“discussed“abMÞo˜v˜e,‘žand“the“commands“â\footnote“áorŽ¡‘Gâ\footnotemarká.‘@ÒY‘ÿeou–¸can“add›·to“that“list“as˜with“â\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfniŽ¡‘G\myfnii}–iáwhicš²!h“adds“â\myfni“áand“â\myfnii“áto“the“list;‘Cëand“y˜ou“can“remo˜v˜e“from“that“listŽ¡‘Gas–¦fwith“â\xspaceremoveexception{!}á.ަ‘!GA‘ä‘commen•²!t:‘ZRman“y›ä expMÞerts–ä¡prefer“not˜to“use˜â\xspaceá.‘˜Putting“it˜in“a˜de nition“meansŽ¡‘Gthat–Ëÿthe›Ëþcommand“will˜usually“get“the˜spacing“righ²!t.‘N¦But“it“isn't˜easy“to˜predict“whenŽ¡‘Gto–o¨enš²!ter“empt˜y“braces“bMÞecause‘o©â\xspace“áwill“get“it“wrong,‘¡øsuc˜h“as‘o©when“it“is“follo˜w˜ed“b˜yŽ¡‘Ganother–Xˆcommand,‘hand›X‰so“â\xspace“ácan“mak²!e˜editing“material“harder“and˜more“error-proneŽ¡‘Gthan–¦finstead“of“alw•²!a“ys–¦finserting“the“empt²!y“braces.ŽŸ!`‘Gëc12.14‘™Class–f@and“pacŒÌk‘ÿ™age“commandsŽŽŸ33‘GáThese–¦fare“commands“designed“to“help“writers“of“classes“or“pac²!k‘ÿdDages.ŽŽŒ‹EŽŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0127ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm12.14.1‘d(ëp\AtBeginDvi–íMëm&“ëp\AtEndDviŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤ‘.ùœâ\AtBeginDvi{ècodeâ}Ž© 33‘.ùœ\AtEndDvi{ècodeâ}Ž¡‘!G\AtBeginDvi›à ása•²!v“es,‘ð‚in˜a˜bMÞo“x˜register,‘ð‚åco•MÞde‘`áto‘à b“e˜executed˜at˜the˜b“eginning˜of˜the˜ship“outަ‘Gof–n€the“ rst“page“of“the“doMÞcumenš²!t.‘6+Despite“the“name,‘ ‡it“applies“to“D˜VI,“PDF,“and“XD˜Vަ‘Goutput.‘ÝÝIt–¦f lls“the“âshipout/firstpage“áhošMÞok;“new“co˜de“should“use“that“ho˜ok“directly‘ÿe.ŽŸ‘!GSimilarly‘ÿe,‘ÐÖâ\AtEndDvi–aôá(previously“aš²!v‘ÿdDailable“only‘aówith“the“âatenddvi“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage)‘aóis“coMÞdeަ‘Gexecuted–¦fwhen“ nalizing“the“main“output“doMÞcumen²!t.ŽŸÌÍ‘Gëm12.14.2‘d(ëp\AtEndOfClass–íMëm&“ëp\AtEndOfPackageŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\AtEndOfClass{ècodeâ}ަ‘.ùœ\AtEndOfPackage{ècodeâ}Ž¡‘!GáHošMÞoks–‹/to“insert“åco˜de‘(7áto“b˜e“executed“when“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“ nishes‘‹0pro˜cessing“the“curren²!t“classަ‘Gresp.‘¦fpac²!k‘ÿdDage.Ž¡‘!GThese–ï'hošMÞoks“can‘ï(b˜e“used“mš²!ultiple“times;‘,=eac˜h“âcode“ásegmen˜t“will“bMÞe“executed‘ï(in“the“orderަ‘Gcalled.‘ÝÝMan•²!y›¦fpac“k‘ÿdDages˜and˜classes˜use˜these˜commands.ŽŸ‘!GSee–¦falso“Section“8.6.1“[â\áA•²!tBeginDoMÞcumen“t],–¦fpage“57.ŽŸÌÍ‘Gëm12.14.3‘d(ëp\CheckCommandŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\CheckCommand{ècmdâ}[ènumâ][èdefaultâ]{èdefinitionâ}ަ‘.ùœ\CheckCommand*‘¿ªá(same‘¦fparameters)Ž¡‘!GLik²!e–”Ðâ\newcommand›”Ïá(see“Section˜12.1“[â\ánew²!command˜&“â\árenew²!command],‘˜Tpage˜113)“butަ‘GdoMÞes–T·not›T¶de ne“åcmdnRá;‘oñinstead˜it“c•²!hec“ks˜that‘T·the˜curren“t–T·de nition˜of“åcmd‘Ãáis“exactly˜as“giv²!enަ‘Gb²!y–ãåde nition›ãáand“is“or˜is“not“â\long˜áas“expMÞected.‘“ãA‘âÂlong˜command“is“a˜command“thatަ‘Gaccepts–¦fâ\par“áwithin“an“argumen²!t.ŽŸ‘!GWith–the“unstarred›v²!ersion“of“â\CheckCommandá,‘9nåcmd‘ŠXáis“expMÞected“to˜bMÞe“â\longá;‘VÖwith“theަ‘Gstarred–¦fvš²!ersion,“åcmd‘¸ám˜ust“not“bMÞe“â\longŽ¡‘!G\CheckCommand– –áraises“an“error“when“the“c•²!hec“k– –fails.‘±BThis“alloš²!ws“y˜ou“to“c˜hec˜k“bMÞefore“y˜ouަ‘Gstart–¦frede ning“âcmd“áyš²!ourself“that“no“other“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“has“already“rede ned“this“command.ŽŸÌÍ‘Gëm12.14.4‘d(ëp\ClassError–íMëmand“ëp\PackageError“ëmand“other“messagesŽŽŸ³3‘GáProMÞduce–¦ferror,“w²!arning,“and“informational“messages“for“classes:ŽŸfg‘Gâ\ClassError{èclass‘¦fnameâ}{èerror-textâ}{èhelp-textâ}ަ‘G\ClassWarning{èclass‘¦fnameâ}{èwarning-textâ}ަ‘G\ClassWarningNoLine{èclass‘¦fnameâ}{èwarning-textâ}ަ‘G\ClassNote{èclass‘¦fnameâ}{ènote-textâ}ަ‘G\ClassNoteNoLine{èclass‘¦fnameâ}{ènote-textâ}ަ‘G\ClassInfo{èclass‘¦fnameâ}{èlog-textâ}Ž¡‘Gáand–¦fthe“same“for“pac²!k‘ÿdDages:ŽŽŒ‹€R²Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0128ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\PackageError{èpackage‘¦fnameâ}{èerror-textâ}{èhelp-textâ}ޤ 33‘G\PackageWarning{èpackage‘¦fnameâ}{èwarning-textâ}Ž¡‘G\PackageWarningNoLine{èpackage‘¦fnameâ}{èwarning-textâ}Ž¡‘G\PackageNote{èpackage‘¦fnameâ}{ènote-textâ}Ž¡‘G\PackageNoteNoLine{èpackage‘¦fnameâ}{ènote-textâ}Ž¡‘G\PackageInfo{èpackage‘¦fnameâ}{èlog-textâ}Ž©üý‘!GáF‘ÿeor–F8â\ClassError›F9áand“â\PackageError˜áthe“message˜is“åerror-textá,‘n-follo•²!w“ed‘F8b“y˜T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's‘F8`â?á'Ž¡‘Gerror–¦fprompt.‘ÝÝIf“the“user“then“asks“for“help“bš²!y“t˜yping“âhá,“they“see“åhelp-textá.ަ‘!GThe–3Äfour“âWarning›3Åácommands“write“åw²!arning-text‘pÄáon˜the“terminal“and“log˜ le“(with“noŽ¡‘Gerror–¦fprompt),“pre xed“b²!y“the“text“`âWarning:á'.ŽŸüþ‘!GThe–ã›four›ãšâNote“ácommands“also˜write“the˜ånote-text‘ ›áto“the˜terminal“and“log˜ le,‘òèwithoutŽ¡‘Gthe–¦f`âWarning:á'“pre x.ަ‘!GThe–I¯âNoLine“ávš²!ersions“omit“the“n˜um˜bMÞer“of“the“input“line“generating“the“message,‘rwhileŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fother“vš²!ersions“do“sho˜w“that“n˜um˜bMÞer.ަ‘!GThe›²ñt•²!w“o–²ðâInfo˜ácommands˜write“ålog-text‘ïñáonly˜in“the˜transcript˜ le“and˜not˜to“the˜terminal.ަ‘!GT‘ÿeo–.Ãformat“the“messages,‘F±including“the“åhelp-text=á:‘¢ use“â\protect“áto“stop“a“command“fromŽ¡‘Gexpanding,‘ö¸get–³ua“line“break“with“â\MessageBreaká,‘ö¹and“get“a“space“with“â\space“áwhere“aŽ¡‘Gspace–¦fc²!haracter“is“ignored,“most“commonly“after“a“command.ŽŸüþ‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fappšMÞends“a“p˜erio˜d“to“the“messages.ŽŸ“”‘Gëm12.14.5‘d(ëp\CurrentOptionŽŽ©³3‘GáExpands–"ìto“the“name“of“the“option‘"ícurren²!tly“bšMÞeing“pro˜cessed.‘² This“can“only“b˜e“used“withinŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fåcoMÞde‘Cmáargumen²!t“of“either“â\DeclareOption“áor“â\DeclareOption*á.ŽŸ“•‘Gëm12.14.6‘d(ëp\DeclareOptionŽŽ¦‘GáSynopsis:Ž©üý‘.ùœâ\DeclareOption{èoptionâ}{ècodeâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\DeclareOption*{èoptionâ}{ècodeâ}ަ‘!GáDe ne–­an“option“a‘¬user“can“include“in“their“â\documentclass“ácommand.‘.±F‘ÿeor“example,Ž¡‘Ga–Ôclass“âsmcmemo“ácould“ha•²!v“e–Ôan“option“âlogo“áallo²!wing“users“to“put“the“institutional“logoŽ¡‘Gon–•>the“ rst“page.‘ ªfThe“doMÞcumenš²!t“w˜ould“start“with“â\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}á.Ž¡‘GT‘ÿeo–Tlenable›Tkthis,‘ÿìthe“class“ le˜mš²!ust“con˜tain“â\DeclareOption{logo}{ècodeâ}‘Tká(and“later,Ž¡‘Gâ\ProcessOptionsá).ަ‘!GIf–ñ.y²!ou›ñ-request“an“option˜that“has“not˜bMÞeen“declared,‘ƒÞb²!y“default“this˜will“proMÞduceŽ¡‘Ga–ÈKwš²!arning“lik˜e›ÈJâUnused–¦fglobal“option(s):“[badoption].–ÈKáThis“can“bMÞe˜cš²!hanged“b˜y“usingŽ¡‘Gâ\DeclareOption*{ècodeâ}á,–¦fwhicš²!h“executes“åcoMÞde‘Cmáfor“an˜y“unkno˜wn“option.ŽŸüþ‘!GF‘ÿeor– šdexample,› Waman²!y“classes“extend“an‘ šeexisting“class,˜using“coMÞde“suc²!h“asŽ¡‘Gâ\LoadClass{article}–]Šá(see›]‰[â\áLoadClass],‘‹Rpage“130).‘HIn˜this“case,‘‹Rit˜mak²!es“sense˜to“passŽ¡‘Gan•²!y›¦fotherwise-unkno“wn˜options˜to˜the˜underlying˜class,˜lik“e˜this:ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareOption*{%Ž¡‘:xð\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%Ž¡‘.ùœ}ަ‘!GáAs–Û/another›Û0example,‘Ôour“class“âsmcmemo˜ámighš²!t“allo˜w‘Û0users“to“k˜eep›Û0lists“of˜memo“recipien²!tsŽ¡‘Gin–ämexternal“ les,‘ 8so“the“user“could“in•²!v“ok“e–ämâ\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}“áand“it“will“readŽŽŒ‹]çŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0129ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gthe–CU le“âmath.memoá.‘´«This“cošMÞde“inputs“the“ le“if“it“exists,‘j‘while“if“it“do˜esn't,‘j‘the“option“isޤ 33‘Gpassed–¦fto“the“âarticle“áclass:Ž©r±‘.ùœâ\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}Ž¡‘:xð{}{%Ž¡‘:xð\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}ŽŸ?}‘Gëm12.14.7‘d(ëp\DeclareRobustCommandŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareRobustCommand{ècmdâ}[ènumâ][èdefaultâ]{èdefinitionâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\DeclareRobustCommand*‘¿ªá(same‘¦fparametersŽŸr°‘!Gâ\DeclareRobustCommand–pöáand“its›p÷starred“form“are“generally˜lik²!e“â\newcommand“áandŽ¡‘Gâ\newcommand*–;ßá(see“Section“12.1“[â\ánewš²!command“&“â\árenew˜command],›áÿá,›VEâ\renew...Ž“á,‘VDand‘3â\provide...Ž“á,˜asŽ¡‘'¿«the› standard– Žcommands.‘ LXThat“is,‘they“do˜not˜just“write˜a˜log˜message“when˜y²!ouŽ¡‘'¿«rede ne–.Ûåcmd‘-áthat“already“exists;‘sy²!ou“need“to“use“either“â\renew...Ž‘mÚáor“â\provide...Ž‘>ÿá,Ž¡‘'¿«or–¦fyš²!ou“get“an“error.‘ÝÝThis“ma˜y“or“ma˜y“not“bšMÞe“a“b˜ene t.ŽŸ?~‘Gëm12.14.8‘d(ëp\ExecuteOptionsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸr°‘.ùœâ\ExecuteOptions{èoption-listâ}ަ‘!GáF‘ÿeor–½þeac²!h“option‘½ÿåoption“áin“åoption-listá,›äin“order,˜this“command‘½ÿexecutes“the“commandŽ¡‘Gâ\ds@èoptioná.‘ÝÝIf–¦fthis“command“is“not“de ned“then“that“option“is“silen²!tly“ignored.ŽŽŒ‹‚kAŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0130ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThis–+can“bšMÞe“used“to“pro²!vide“a“default“option“list“b˜efore“â\ProcessOptionsá.‘ E,F‘ÿeor“ex-ޤ 33‘Gample,‘if›ˆ~in–ˆ}a“class˜ le“y•²!ou˜w“an“t–ˆ}the“default˜to“bMÞe“11pt˜fonš²!ts“then“y˜ou‘ˆ~could“spMÞecifyŽ¡‘Gâ\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relaxá.ŽŸ£Ø‘Gëm12.14.9‘d(ëp\IfFileExists–íMëm&“ëp\InputIfFileExistsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:Ž©× ‘.ùœâ\IfFileExists{èfilenameâ}{ètrue-codeâ}{èfalse-codeâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\InputIfFileExists{èfilenameâ}{ètrue-codeâ}{èfalse-codeâ}ŽŸ× ‘!G\IfFileExists–¾[áexecutes“åtrue-cošMÞde‘[báif“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“ nds‘¾\the“ le“èfilename“áor“åfalse-co˜de‘[báother-Ž¡‘Gwise.›ÝÝIn–¦fthe“ 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áis“executed‘just“b˜efore“the“â\inputá;‘4Sif‘the“ le“do˜esn't“exist,‘«theŽ¡‘Gåfalse-coMÞde‘Cmáis–¦fexecuted.‘ÝÝAn“example:ަ‘.ùœâ\InputIfFileExists{mypkg.cfg}Ž¡‘:xð{\PackageInfo{Loading–¿ªmypkg.cfg“for“configuration“information}}Ž¡‘:xð{\PackageInfo{No–¿ªmypkg.cfg“found}}ŽŸ£Ø‘Gëm12.14.10‘d(ëp\LoadClass–íMëm&“ëp\LoadClassWithOptionsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:ަ‘.ùœâ\LoadClass[èoptions-listâ]{èclass-nameâ}[èrelease-dateâ]Ž¡‘.ùœ\LoadClassWithOptions{èclass-nameâ}[èrelease-dateâ]ŽŸ× ‘!GáLoad›êa–êclass,‘ûšas“with˜â\documentclass[èoptions-listâ]{èclass-nameâ}[èrelease-dateâ]á.Ž¡‘GAn‘¦fexample:‘ÝÝâ\LoadClass[twoside]{article}á.ަ‘!GThe–nåoptions-listá,›yÅif“presen²!t,˜is“a“comma-separated“list.‘ËDThe“årelease-date‘ ¤áis“also“optional.Ž¡‘GIf–¦fpresenš²!t“it“m˜ust“ha˜v˜e“the“form“âYYYY/MM/DDá.ŽŸ× ‘!GIf–Ô‚y²!ou›Ôrequest“årelease-date‘q‰áand˜the“date“of˜the“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“installed˜on“y²!our“system˜is“earlier,Ž¡‘Gthen–¦fyš²!ou“get“a“w˜arning“on“the“screen“and“in“the“log“lik˜e“this:ަ‘.ùœâYou–¿ªhave“requested,“on“input“line“4,“version“2038/01/19 “ofŽ¡‘.ùœdocument–¿ªclass“article,“but“only“version“2014/09/29“v1.4hŽ¡‘.ùœStandard–¿ªLaTeX“document“class “is“available.ŽŸ× ‘!GáThe–ô/command›ô.v²!ersion“â\LoadClassWithOptions“áuses“the˜list“of“options“for˜the“curren²!tŽ¡‘Gclass.›ßÓThis–Q¸means“it“ignores“an²!y“options‘Q¹passed“to“it“via“â\PassOptionsToClassá.˜This“isŽ¡‘Ga›¥con•²!v“enience–¦command˜that˜lets“y²!ou˜build˜classes˜on“existing˜ones,‘usuc²!h˜as“the˜standardŽ¡‘Gâarticle–¦fáclass,“without“haš²!ving“to“trac˜k“whic˜h“options“w˜ere“passed.ŽŽŒ‹ƒx¸Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0131ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm12.14.11‘d(ëp\NeedsTeXFormatŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤTÍ‘.ùœâ\NeedsTeXFormat{èformatâ}[èformat-dateâ]Ž¡‘!GáSpMÞeci es–ãSthe›ãRformat“that“this˜class“m²!ust“bMÞe˜run“under.‘”£Often“issued˜as“the“ 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X˜abMÞout˜the˜desired˜options˜for˜the˜second˜pac“k‘ÿdDage,˜lik“e˜this:ަ‘.ùœâ\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}Ž¡‘.ùœ\RequirePackage{firstpkg}ަ‘GáIf–%pâfirstpkg.sty›%qáloads“an“option˜in“con ict“with“what˜yš²!ou“w˜an˜t“then‘%qy˜ou“ma˜y“ha˜v˜e‘%qto“alterŽ¡‘Gits–¦fsource,“or“y²!ours.ŽŽŒ‹„†eŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0132ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThese–›commands›œare“useful˜for“general˜users“as˜w²!ell“as“class˜and“pac²!k‘ÿdDage˜writers.‘=}F‘ÿeorޤ 33‘Ginstance,‘qõsuppMÞose›I>a–I?user“w•²!an“ts˜to–I?load˜the“âgraphicx“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage˜with“the“option˜âdraft“áandŽ¡‘Galso›Vw•²!an“ts˜to˜use–Va˜class˜âfoo˜áthat˜loads˜the˜âgraphicx“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘‚šbut˜without˜that˜option.Ž¡‘GThe–XÜuser“could“start“their‘XÛLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“ 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‘!GWhen–TÁâ\ProcessOptions“áis›TÀcalled“for“a“class“it˜wš²!orks“in“the“same“w˜a˜y‘TÀexcept“that“allŽ¡‘Goptions–éare›éŽloMÞcal,‘:Wand“the“default˜åcoMÞde‘†”áfor˜â\DeclareOption*“áis˜â\OptionNotUsed“áratherŽ¡‘Gthan–¦fan“error.ަ‘!GThe– -starred› .v²!ersion“â\ProcessOptions*“áexecutes˜the“options“in˜the“order“spMÞeci ed˜in“theŽ¡‘Gcalling–g˜commands,‘—ãrather“than“in›g—the“order“of˜declaration“in“the˜class“or˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage.‘!rF‘ÿeor“aŽ¡‘Gpac²!k‘ÿdDage,–¦fthis“means“that“the“global“options“are“proMÞcessed“ rst.ŽŸìÍ‘Gëm12.14.15‘d(ëp\ProvidesClass–íMëm&“ëp\ProvidesPackageŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:ަ‘.ùœâ\ProvidesClass{èclsnameâ}[èrelease-date‘¿ªá[èinfo-textá]â]Ž¡‘.ùœ\ProvidesPackage{èpkgnameâ}[èrelease-date‘¿ªá[èinfo-textá]â]ަ‘!GáIdenš²!ti es–8Áthe“class“or“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“bMÞeing“de ned,‘]Xprin˜ting“a“message“to“the“screen“and“theŽ¡‘Glog‘¦f le.ަ‘!GWhen–nsy²!ou›nrload“a˜class“or˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘àufor˜example“with˜â\documentclass{smcmemo}“áorŽ¡‘Gâ\usepackage{test}á,‘s LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–f6inputs›f5a“ le“(âsmcmemo.cls˜áand“âtest.styá,‘s respMÞectiv²!ely).‘ÈwIf“theŽ¡‘Gname–ÃÃof›ÃÂthe“ le“doMÞes“not˜matc²!h“the“class“or˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage“name“declared“in˜it“then“y²!ou“get˜a“w²!arn-Ž¡‘Ging.‘x¿Th•²!us,‘³¸if›w y“ou‘w in“v“ok“e˜â\documentclass{smcmemo}á,‘³¸and–w the˜ le“âsmcmemo.cls˜áhas“the˜state-Ž¡‘Gmenš²!t–ÒEâ\ProvidesClass{foo}‘ÒDáthen“y˜ou›ÒDget“a˜wš²!arning“lik˜e‘ÒDâYou–¦fhave“requested“documentŽŽŒ‹…“±Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0133ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâclass–¦fsmcmemo ,“but“the“document“class“provides“ foo .–e$áThis“w²!arning“doMÞes“not“pre-ޤ 33‘Gv•²!en“t–¦fLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“from“proMÞcessing“the“rest“of“the“class“ le“normally‘ÿe.Ž©š‘!GIf–(úy²!ou›(ûinclude“the“optional˜argumenš²!t“then“y˜ou‘(ûm˜ust“include“a–(ûdate,‘BbMÞefore“an˜y‘(úspaces,‘BofŽ¡‘Gthe–form“âYYYY/MM/DDá.‘°The‘rest“of“the“optional“argumen²!t“is“free-form,‘8‰although“it“tradition-Ž¡‘Gally–%$iden²!ti es›%%the“class.‘ZIt˜is“written˜to“the“screen˜during“compilation“and˜to“the˜log“ le.Ž¡‘GTh•²!us,‘v%if›L™y“our˜ le˜âsmcmemo.cls˜ácon“tains˜the˜line˜â\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01Ž¡‘Gv1.0–¦fSMC“memo“class]–]váand“y•²!our›]udoMÞcumen“t's–]v rst“line“is˜â\documentclass{smcmemo}“áthenŽ¡‘Gy²!ou–¦fwill“see“âDocument“Class:“smcmemo“2008/06/01“v1.0“SMC“memo“classá.ަ‘!GThe–·date›¸in“the“optional˜argumenš²!t“allo˜ws“class‘¸and“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“users›¸to“ask“to˜bMÞe“w²!arnedŽ¡‘Gif–—êthe“vš²!ersion“of“the‘—éclass“or“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“is“earlier“than“årelease“dateá.‘Ù F‘ÿeor“instance,‘šÏa“user“couldŽ¡‘Gen²!ter–‚â\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]‘ƒáor“â\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]“átoŽ¡‘Grequire–FGa“class›FHor“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“with“certain“features˜bš²!y“spMÞecifying“that“it“m˜ust‘FHbMÞe“released“noŽ¡‘Gearlier–"nthan›"othe“giv•²!en˜date.‘QöP“erhaps‘"nmore˜impMÞortan“tly‘ÿe,‘Apthe˜date‘"nserv“es˜as‘"ndoMÞcumen“tationŽ¡‘Gof–œUthe“last“release.‘Ú‚(In“practice,›žXpac²!k‘ÿdDage“users‘œVrarely“include“a“date,˜and“class“users“almostŽ¡‘Gnev²!er‘¦fdo.)ŽŸæg‘Gëm12.14.16‘d(ëp\ProvidesFileŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\ProvidesFile{èfilenameâ}[èinfo-textâ]ަ‘!GáDeclare–;Þa“ le“other›;ßthan“the“main“class“and“pac•²!k‘ÿdDage˜ les,‘Q,suc“h–;Þas˜a“con guration“or“fon²!tŽ¡‘Gde nition–³Ó le.‘It“writes“the“givš²!en“information“to“the“log“ le,‘äWessen˜tially“lik˜e“â\ProvidesClassŽ¡‘Gáand–¦fâ\ProvidesPackage“á(see“the“previous“section).ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor‘¦fexample:ަ‘.ùœâ\ProvidesFile{smcmemo.cfg}[2017/10/12–¿ªconfig“file“for“smcmemo.cls]ŽŸ™‘Gáwrites–¦fthis“in²!to“the“log:ަ‘.ùœâFile:–¿ªsmcmemo.cfg“2017/10/12“config“file“for“smcmemo.clsŽŸæg‘Gëm12.14.17‘d(ëp\RequirePackage–íMëm&“ëp\RequirePackageWithOptionsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\RequirePackage[èoption-listâ]{èpkgnameâ}[èrelease-dateâ]Ž¡‘.ùœ\RequirePackageWithOptions{èpkgnameâ}[èrelease-dateâ]ަ‘!GáLoad›Y¼a‘Y½pac•²!k‘ÿdDage,‘†’lik“e˜the–Y½command˜â\usepackage“á(see˜[Additional“pac²!k‘ÿdDages],‘†’page˜12).Ž¡‘GAn‘¦fexample:Ž¡‘Gâ\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}ަ‘!GáThe–Œ€initial›Œoptional“argumen²!t˜åoption-listá,›Æif“presen•²!t,˜m“ust–ŒbMÞe›Œ€a“comma-separated˜list.Ž¡‘GThe–iÞtrailing›ißoptional“argumen•²!t˜årelease-dateá,‘uùif˜presen“t,‘uùm“ust˜ha“v“e–iÞthe˜form“âYYYY/MM/DDá.‘ɰIfŽ¡‘Gthe–{8release“date“of“the“pacš²!k‘ÿdDage“as“installed‘{9on“y˜our“system“is“earlier“than“årelease-date‘?áthenŽ¡‘Gyš²!ou–—•get‘—–a“w˜arning‘—–lik˜e“`âYou–¦fhave“requested,“on“input“line“9,“version“2017/07/03 “ofŽ¡‘Gpackage–¦fjhtest,“but“only“version“2000/01/01 “is“availableá'.ަ‘!GThe–EXâ\RequirePackageWithOptions“áv‘ÿdDarian²!t›EYuses“the“list“of“options“for˜the“curren²!t“class.Ž¡‘GThis–-µmeans“it“ignores“an²!y‘-´options“passed“to“it“via“â\PassOptionsToClassá.‘sÉThis“is“a“con-Ž¡‘Gvš²!enience–fMcommand‘fLto“allo˜w›fLeasily“building“classes˜on“existing“ones˜without“ha²!ving˜to“trac²!kŽ¡‘Gwhicš²!h–¦foptions“w˜ere“passed.ŽŽŒ‹†£Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f12:‘ÝÝDe nitions’0134ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThe›Mdi erence‘MŽbMÞet•²!w“een˜â\usepackage–MŽáand˜â\RequirePackage“áis˜small.‘À?The˜â\usepackageޤ 33‘Gácommand–Jis“in²!tended“to“bšMÞe“used“in“do˜cumenš²!ts,‘]while“â\RequirePackage“áis“in˜tended“forŽ¡‘Gpac²!k‘ÿdDage–!Ïand›!Ðclass“ les.‘±«The˜most“signi can²!t˜di erence“in˜practice“is˜that“â\RequirePackageŽ¡‘Gácan–ÏbMÞe›Ðused“in“a˜došMÞcumen²!t“b˜efore“the›Ðâ\documentclass“ácommand,‘:ºwhile˜â\usepackage“ágiv²!esŽ¡‘Gan–îwill“do›>íit.‘»`Here“the“ rst˜line“is“ ne,‘SŸproMÞducing“a˜space“of“110“p•MÞoin²!ts˜b“et•²!w“een‘>îtheŽ¡‘Gbars.ަ‘.ùœâABC\showhbox{300pt}{%Ž¡‘:xð\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt–¿ªplus“10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYYŽŸff‘.ùœABC\showhbox{300pt}{%Ž¡‘:xð\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt–¿ªplus“1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYYަ‘GáIn–SÃthe›SÂsecond“line“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“needs˜a“stretc²!h“of“10˜pMÞoin²!ts“and“only“1˜pMÞoinš²!t“w˜as“spMÞeci ed.‘åóT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Gstretc²!hes–F¿the›F¾space“to˜the“required˜length“but“it˜givš²!es“y˜ou‘F¾a“w˜arning‘F¾lik˜e“`âUnderfull‘¦f\hboxŽ¡‘G(badness–¦f10000)“detected“at“line“22á'.‘ÝÝ(W‘ÿee“w²!on't“discuss“badness.)ŽŽŒ‹ŒàŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f14:‘ÝÝLengths’=Ë140ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GY‘ÿeou–á®can›á¯put“bMÞoth˜stretc²!h“and˜shrink“in˜the“same˜length,‘ð€as˜in“â1ex–¦fplus“0.05ex“minusޤ 33‘G0.02exá.Ž©°[‘!GIf–HßT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›Hàis“setting“t•²!w“o–Hßor˜more“rubbMÞer“lengths“then˜it“alloMÞcates“the“stretc²!h˜or“shrink“inŽ¡‘GpropMÞortion.ަ‘.ùœâABC\showhbox{300pt}{%Ž¡‘:xð\blackbar{100pt}%‘ TleftŽ¡‘:xð\hspace{0pt–¿ªplus“50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt“plus“10pt}%‘ TmiddleŽ¡‘:xð\blackbar{100pt}}YYY‘ T%‘¿ªrightŽŸ°\‘GáThe–íleft“and‘îrighš²!t“bars“tak˜e“up“100“pMÞoin˜ts,‘)so‘îthe“middle“needs“another“100.‘sThe“middleŽ¡‘Gbar–f is›f 80“pMÞoin²!ts“so“the˜t•²!w“o–f â\hspaceá's“m•²!ust˜stretc“h–f 20“pMÞoinš²!ts.‘ÍBecause“the“t˜w˜o‘f are“âplusŽ¡‘G50pt–¢váand“âplus‘¦f10ptá,‘áyT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“gets“5/6“of›¢uthe“stretc²!h“from“the“ rst“space˜and“1/6“from“theŽ¡‘Gsecond.ަ‘!GThe– €âplus› áor“âminus“ácompMÞonen²!t˜of“a“rubbMÞer˜length“can“con²!tain˜a“å ll‘yÒácompMÞonen²!t,‘*{as˜in“â1inŽ¡‘Gplus2fillá.‘wgThis–Ù”givš²!es“the“length“in nite‘Ù“stretc˜habilit˜y“or“shrink‘ÿdDabilit˜y“so“that“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“couldŽ¡‘Gset–¦fit“to“anš²!y“distance.‘ÝÝHere“the“t˜w˜o“ gures“will“bMÞe“equally“spaced“across“the“page.ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}Ž¡‘:xð\hspace{0pt–¿ªplus“1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%Ž¡‘:xð\hspace{0pt–¿ªplus“1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}%Ž¡‘:xð\hspace{0pt–¿ªplus“1fill}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{minipage}ަ‘!GáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–Zhas›[three“lev²!els“of˜in nitš²!y“for“glue“compMÞonen˜ts:‘¯Æâfilá,–)—âfillá,“and‘[âfilllá.‘ºThe‘ZlaterŽ¡‘Gones–Þ`are›Þamore“in nite“than˜the“earlier“ones.‘…ÌOrdinarily˜doMÞcumen²!t“authors“only˜use“theŽ¡‘Gmiddle–¦fone“(see“Section“19.3“[â\áh ll],“page“187,“and“see“Section“19.15“[â\áv ll],“page“197).ŽŸ°\‘!GMultiplying–;9a›;8rubbMÞer“length˜bš²!y“a“n˜um˜bMÞer›;8turns“it˜in²!to“a“rigid˜length,‘ mso˜that“afterŽ¡‘Gâ\setlength{\ylength}{1in–¦fplus“0.2in}–’ðáand‘’ïâ\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}“áthenŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fv‘ÿdDalue“of“â\zlength“áis“â3iná.ŽŸ»¼‘Gëc14.1‘™Units–f@of“lengthŽŽŸ33‘GáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X–¦fand“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“kno²!w“abšMÞout“these“units“b˜oth“inside“and“outside“of“math“mo˜de.ŽŸîï‘Gâpt‘.QŸáP•²!oin“t,‘‚=1/72.27‘y4inc“h.‘ÎÌThe›y3(appro“ximate)˜con“v“ersion˜to˜metric˜units‘y4is˜1‘Ó7pMÞoin“t˜=Ž¡‘Kâ:.35146›Ó7mm–¦f=“.035146˜cm.ޤ°[‘Gâpc‘.QŸáPica,–¦f12“ptŽ©°\‘Gâin‘.QŸáInc²!h,–¦f72.27“ptŽ¡‘Gâbp‘.QŸáBig–¥RpMÞoinš²!t,‘¥‰1/72“inc˜h.‘ÝThis“length‘¥Sis“the“de nition“of“a“pMÞoin˜t“in“P˜ostScript“andŽŸ 33‘Kâ:man²!y–¦fdesktop“publishing“systems.Ž¡‘Gâmm‘.QŸáMillimeter,‘¦f2.845‘Ó7ptŽ¡‘Gâcm‘.QŸáCen²!timeter,‘¦f10‘Ó7mmަ‘Gâdd‘.QŸáDidot–¦fpMÞoin²!t,“1.07“ptŽ¡‘Gâcc‘.QŸáCicero,–¦f12“ddŽ¡‘Gâsp‘.QŸáScaled–¦fpMÞoin²!t,“1/65536“ptŽŽŒ‹íŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f14:‘ÝÝLengths’=Ë141ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThree–´>other“units›´=are“de ned“according“to“the“curren•²!t˜fon“t,‘ä­rather–´>than˜bMÞeing“an“absoluteޤ 33‘Gdimension.ŽŸ”{‘Gâex‘.QŸáThe–„[x-heighš²!t“of“the‘„Zcurren˜t“fon˜t“åexá,‘»Øtraditionally“the‘„Zheigh˜t“of“the“lo˜w˜ercaseŽ¡‘Kâ:letter–¦fx,“is“often“used“for“v²!ertical“lengths.Ž©t‘Gâem‘.QŸáSimilarly–fåemá,‘/ætraditionally›ethe“width“of“the“capital“letter“M,˜is“often“used“forŽ¡‘Kâ:horizon²!tal–ÿ#lengths.‘¦This›ÿ"is“also˜often“the˜size“of˜the“currenš²!t“fon˜t,– –e.g.,“a‘ÿ#nominalŽ¡‘Kâ:10‘Ó7pt–^fonš²!t“will‘^ha˜v˜e“1›Ó7em“=“10˜pt.‘ÅÂLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“has“sev²!eral“commands‘^to“proMÞduce“hor-Ž¡‘Kâ:izon²!tal–-…spaces“based“on“the“em“(see‘-„Section“19.1“[â\áenspace“&“â\áquad“&“â\áqquad],Ž¡‘Kâ:page‘¦f186).ަ‘Gâmu‘.QŸáFinally‘ÿe,–ýæin›ÓÆmath‘ÓÇmoMÞde,“man²!y˜de nitions˜are–ÓÇexpressed˜in˜terms˜of“the˜math˜unitŽ¡‘Kâ:åm•²!uá,‘Æ}de ned›Œàb“y–Œß1‘Ó7em“=˜18‘Ó7m²!u,‘Æ}where“the˜em“is˜tak²!en“from“the˜curren²!t“mathŽ¡‘Kâ:sym²!bšMÞols–¦ffamily‘ÿe.‘ÝÝSee“Section“16.6“[Spacing“in“math“mo˜de],“page“173.ŽŸ”|‘!GUsing–>Zthese“units“can“help“makš²!e“a“de nition“w˜ork“bMÞetter“across“fon˜t“c˜hanges.‘».F‘ÿeor“exam-Ž¡‘Gple,‘®Õa–pðde nition“of“the“vš²!ertical‘pñspace“bMÞet˜w˜een“list“items‘pñgiv˜en“as“â\setlength{\itemsep}{1exŽ¡‘Gplus–¦f0.05ex“minus“0.01ex}–K`áis›Kamore“lik²!ely˜to“still“bMÞe˜reasonable“if“the˜fon²!t“is˜c²!hanged“thanŽ¡‘Ga–¦fde nition“givš²!en“in“pMÞoin˜ts.ŽŸaH‘Gëc14.2‘™ëg\setlengthŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ޤt‘.ùœâ\setlength{\èlenâ}{èamountâ}Ž¡‘!GáSet–ÈEthe›ÈDlength“â\ålen“áto“åamoun²!tá.‘CyThe˜length“name“â\èlen˜áhas“to“bMÞe“a˜con²!trol“sequenceޤ 33‘G(see–¤fSection‘¤g12.1.1“[Con²!trol“sequences],›ãæpage“115),˜and“as‘¤gsucš²!h“m˜ust“bMÞegin“with‘¤ga“bac˜k-Ž¡‘Gslash,‘®Gâ\–¬´áunder“normal›¬³circumstances.‘ðÆThe“åamoun²!t‘é´ácan“bMÞe˜a“rubbMÞer“length“(see˜Chapter“14Ž¡‘G[Lengths],‘ßjpage– Ð139).‘ÍIt“can“bšMÞe“p˜ositiv•²!e,›ßjnegativ“e– Ðor“zero,˜and“can“bMÞe“in“an²!y“units“thatŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦funderstands“(see“Section“14.1“[Units“of“length],“page“140).Ž©t‘!GBelo²!w,‘ fwith›öeLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's–öfdefaults“the˜ 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Öáis“a“rubbMÞer“length“(see“Chapter“14ޤ 33‘G[Lengths],‘ßjpage– Ð139).‘ÍIt“can“bšMÞe“p˜ositiv•²!e,›ßjnegativ“e– Ðor“zero,˜and“can“bMÞe“in“an²!y“units“thatŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦funderstands“(see“Section“14.1“[Units“of“length],“page“140).ޤ‘!GBelo²!w,–¦fif“â\parskip“ástarts“with“the“v‘ÿdDalue“â0pt“plus“1ptŽ¡‘.ùœDoctor:–¿ªhow“is“the“boy“who“swallowed“the“silver“dollar?Ž© 33‘.ùœ\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}ŽŸff‘.ùœNurse:–¿ªno“change.ŽŸ‘Gáthen–¦fit“has“the“v‘ÿdDalue“â1pt“plus“1pt“áfor“the“second“paragraph.Ž¡‘!GIf–á.yš²!ou“did“not‘á/declare“â\ålen“áwith“â\newlengthá,‘oßfor“example“if“y˜ou‘á/mist˜ypMÞe“it“as“inަ‘Gâ\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}á,‘öthen–Éøy²!ou‘É÷get“an“er-ަ‘Gror–Pølikš²!e“`âUndefined–¦fcontrol“sequence.““\sepcindentá'.‘ Ý”If–Pøthe“åamoun˜t‘øáusesަ‘Gsome–ájlength“that›áihas“not“bMÞeen“declared,‘p*for˜instance“if“for“example˜yš²!ou“mist˜ypMÞe“theަ‘GabMÞo•²!v“e›Èas–Çâ\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}á,‘ then“y²!ou˜get“something˜lik²!eަ‘G`âUndefined–¦fcontrol“sequence.““\praindentá'.‘éÄIf›ª^y•²!ou‘ª]lea“v“e˜o ‘ª]the˜bac“kslashަ‘Gat–l†the“start“of“â\ålená,›žas“in‘l…â\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}á,˜then“yš²!ou“get“something“lik˜eަ‘G`âYou–¦fcan t“use“the“letter“p “after“\advanceá'.ŽŸ™š‘Gëc14.4‘™ëg\settodepthŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸ‘.ùœâ\settodepth{\èlenâ}{ètextâ}Ž¡‘!GáSet–ÕFthe›ÕGlength“â\ålen“áto˜the“depth“of“bMÞo²!x˜that“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“gets˜on“t²!ypMÞesetting“the˜åtext‘Fáargumen²!t.ަ‘GThe–Wklength“name“â\èlen“áhas“to“bMÞe“a‘Wlconš²!trol“sequence“(see“Section“12.1.1“[Con˜trol“sequences],ަ‘Gpage–¦f115),“and“as“sucš²!h“m˜ust“bMÞegin“with“a“bac˜kslash,“â\“áunder“normal“circumstances.Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fwill“prinš²!t“ho˜w“lo˜w“the“c˜haracter“descenders“go.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\newlength{\alphabetdepth}ަ‘.ùœ\settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}ަ‘.ùœ\the\alphabetdepthŽŸ‘!GáIf–$Óy²!ou›$Ôdid“not˜declare“â\ålen˜áwith“â\newlengthá,‘„nif˜for“example˜yš²!ou“mist˜ypšMÞe‘$Ôthe“ab˜o•²!v“eަ‘Gas–’â\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}á,‘Lèthen“yš²!ou“get“something‘’lik˜e“`âUndefinedަ‘Gcontrol–¦fsequence.““\aplhabetdepthá'.‘ÇIf–¸_yš²!ou“lea˜v˜e“the“bac˜kslash‘¸^out“of“â\ålená,ަ‘Gas–ç²in›ç³â\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}“áthen˜y²!ou“get“something˜lik²!e“`âMissing‘¦fnumber,ަ‘Gtreated–¦fas“zero.““\setboxá'.ŽŸ™š‘Gëc14.5‘™ëg\settoheightŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\settoheight{\èlenâ}{text}ŽŸ‘!GáSets–dDthe“length›dEâ\ålen“áto“the“heigh²!t“of˜bMÞoš²!x“that“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“gets“on“t˜ypMÞesetting‘dEthe“âtext“áar-ަ‘Ggumen²!t.‘\aThe–%èlength›%çname“â\èlen˜áhas˜to“bMÞe˜a“con²!trol˜sequence“(see˜Section“12.1.1˜[Con²!trolަ‘Gsequences],–rõpage›J 115),“and‘J as˜suc•²!h˜m“ust˜bMÞegin‘J with˜a˜bac“kslash,‘rõâ\˜áunder‘J normal˜circum-ަ‘Gstances.Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fwill“prinš²!t“ho˜w“high“the“c˜haracters“go.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\newlength{\alphabetheight}ŽŽŒ‹ ÇŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f14:‘ÝÝLengths’=Ë143ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\the\alphabetheightŽ©,Í‘!GáIf–no›~suc²!h“length“â\ålen“áhas˜bMÞeen“declared“with˜â\newlengthá,‘…if“for“example˜yš²!ou“mist˜ypMÞeŽ¡‘Gas–ü â\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}á,‘Qqthen›üy²!ou“get“something˜lik²!e“`âUndefinedŽ¡‘Gcontrol–¦fsequence.““\alphabetheightá'.‘£$If–ö9yš²!ou“lea˜v˜e‘ö:the“bac˜kslash“out‘ö:of“â\ålená,Ž¡‘Gas–wÈin“â\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}“áthen‘wÇyš²!ou“get“something“lik˜e“`âMissing‘¦fnumber,Ž¡‘Gtreated–¦fas“zero.““\setboxá'.ŽŸó4‘Gëc14.6‘™ëg\settowidthŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\settowidth{\èlenâ}{ètextâ}ަ‘!GáSet–è;the›è:length“â\ålen˜áto“the˜width“of˜the“bMÞo²!x˜that“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜gets“on˜t²!ypMÞesetting“the˜åtextŽ¡‘Gáargumenš²!t.‘ÒaThe–ƒñlength‘ƒðname“â\èlen“áhas“to“bMÞe“a“con˜trol“sequence‘ƒð(see“Section“12.1.1“[Con˜trolŽ¡‘Gsequences],–rõpage›J 115),“and‘J as˜suc•²!h˜m“ust˜bMÞegin‘J with˜a˜bac“kslash,‘rõâ\˜áunder‘J normal˜circum-Ž¡‘Gstances.ަ‘!GThis–¦fprinš²!ts“the“width“of“the“lo˜w˜ercase“ASCIšMÞI“alphab˜et.ަ‘.ùœâ\newlength{\alphabetwidth}Ž¡‘.ùœ\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}Ž¡‘.ùœ\the\alphabetwidthަ‘!GáIf–no›~suc²!h“length“â\ålen“áhas˜bMÞeen“declared“with˜â\newlengthá,‘…if“for“example˜yš²!ou“mist˜ypMÞeŽ¡‘Gthe›@—abMÞo•²!v“e–@˜as˜â\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}á,‘'"then“y²!ou˜get“something˜lik²!eŽ¡‘G`âUndefined–¦fcontrol“sequence.““\aplhabetwidthá'.‘$EIf‘½ßy•²!ou›½Þlea“v“e˜the˜bac“kslashŽ¡‘Gout–tWof›tVâ\ålená,‘'Ñas“in˜â\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}“áthen˜y²!ou“get˜something“lik²!eŽ¡‘G`âMissing–¦fnumber,“treated“as“zero.““\setboxá'.ŽŸó5‘Gëc14.7‘™ëg\stretchŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\stretch{ènumberâ}ަ‘!GáProšMÞduces–ªöa“rubb˜er“length‘ªõwith“zero“natural“length“and“ån•²!um“b˜er‘tátimes–ªöâ\fill“áunits“ofŽ¡‘Gstretc•²!habilit“y–®#(see›®"Chapter“14“[Lengths],‘ßÊpage˜139).‘‹The˜ån•²!um“b•MÞer‘wLácan›®#b“e˜p“ositiv•²!e‘®"or˜negativ“e.Ž¡‘GThis–¦fcommand“is“robust“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ަ‘!GIt–ãòwš²!orks“for‘ãóbMÞoth“v˜ertical“and“horizon˜tal–ãóspacing.‘–In“this–ãòhorizon˜tal“example,‘3ULŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘GproMÞduces–*!three›* tic²!k“marks,‘Kand“the˜distance“bMÞet•²!w“een˜the–*! rst˜and“second˜is“half˜again“asŽ¡‘Glong–¦fas“the“distance“bMÞet•²!w“een–¦fthe“second“and“third.ަ‘.ùœâ\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1.5}}%Ž¡‘:xð\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}}%Ž¡‘:xð\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}ަ‘!GáIn–athis›`v²!ertical“example,‘Xthe“`âWe–¦fdedicate“...Ž‘åeá'‘awill˜ha•²!v“e–athree˜times“as˜m•²!uc“h‘aspaceŽ¡‘Gunder–¦fit“as“abMÞo•²!v“e‘¦fit.ަ‘.ùœâ\newenvironment{dedication}{%–¿ªin“document“preambleŽ¡‘:xð\clearpage\thispagestyle{empty}%Ž¡‘:xð\vspace*{\stretch{1}}–¿ª%“stretchable“space“at“topŽ¡‘:xð\itŽŽŒ‹ ½Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f14:‘ÝÝLengths’=Ë144ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ}{%ޤ 33‘:xð\vspace{\stretch{3}}‘ T%–¿ªspace“at“bot“is“3x“as“at“topŽ¡‘:xð\clearpageŽ¡‘.ùœ}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{dedication}‘ 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that“the›Í ev‘ÿdDaluation“of“expressions˜doMÞes“not“in•²!v“olv“e‘Í assignmen“ts˜and‘Í canŽ¡‘Gtherefore–Ã)bšMÞe“p˜erformed›Ã*in“places“where“assignmen²!ts˜are“not“allo•²!w“ed.‘4'The–Ã)next“exampleŽ¡‘Gcomputes–¦fthe“width“of“the“â\parboxá.ަ‘.ùœâ\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{center}Ž¡‘.ùœ\parbox{\dimexpr\linewidth-\offset*3}{With–¿ªmalice“toward“noneŽ¡‘.ùœwith–¿ªcharity“for“all“with“firmness“in“the“right“as“God“gives“us“to“seeŽ¡‘.ùœthe–¿ªright“let“us“strive“on“to“finish“the“work“we“are“in“to“bind“up“theŽ¡‘.ùœnation s–¿ªwounds,“to“care“for“him“who“shall“have“borne“the“battle“andŽ¡‘.ùœfor–¿ªhis“widow“and“his“orphan“\textasciitilde\“to“do“all“which“mayŽ¡‘.ùœachieve–¿ªand“cherish“a“just“and“lasting“peace“among“ourselves“and“withŽ¡‘.ùœall–¿ªnations.‘ T---Abraham“Lincoln,“Second“Inaugural“Address,“from“theŽ¡‘.ùœmemorial}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ަ‘!GáThe–]åexpression›]áconsists“of“one˜or“more˜terms“of“the˜same“tš²!ypMÞe“(in˜teger,‘k±dimension,‘k²etc.)Ž¡‘Gthat–€ßare›€Þadded“or“subtracted.‘ÑZA‘€Õterm“that“is˜a“t²!ypMÞe˜of“n•²!um“bMÞer,–ˆ`dimension,“etc.,“consists‘€ßofŽ¡‘Ga–)factor›(of“that˜tš²!ypMÞe,‘1hoptionally“m˜ultiplied›(or“divided˜b²!y“factors.‘­A‘factor“of˜a“t²!ypMÞe˜is“eitherŽ¡‘Ga›vhquan•²!tit“y˜of‘vithat˜t“ypMÞe˜or˜a˜paren“thesized˜sub•MÞexpression.‘ÍÞThe˜expression‘vipro“duces˜a˜resultŽ¡‘Gof–Úæthe“giv•²!en›Úçt“ypMÞe,‘èso–Úæthat“â\numexpr˜áproMÞduces“an“in²!teger,‘èâ\dimexpr˜áproMÞduces“a“dimension,Ž¡‘Getc.ަ‘!GIn–(Uthe›(Vquotation“example˜abMÞo•²!v“e,‘ˆÑc“hanging–(Uto˜â\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset“ágiv²!esŽ¡‘Gthe›_/error‘_0âIllegal–¦funit“of“measure“(pt“inserted)á.‘ 9This˜is–_0bMÞecause˜for“â\dimexpr˜áandŽŽŒ‹‘ çŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f14:‘ÝÝLengths’=Ë145ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\glueexprá,‘ the–ö/input›ö.consists“of˜a“dimension˜or“glue˜v‘ÿdDalue“follo•²!w“ed˜b“y–ö/an˜optional“m²!ulti-ޤ 33‘Gplication–5yfactor,‘Land“not›5xthe“other“w•²!a“y˜around.‘¸9Th“us–5yâ\the\dimexpr‘¦f1pt*10\relax˜áis“v‘ÿdDalidŽ¡‘Gand–¦fproMÞduces“`â10.0ptá',“but“â\the\dimexpr“10*1pt\relax“ágiv²!es“the“âIllegal“unit“áerror.Ž©33‘!GThe–ûNexpressions“absorb“tok²!ens›ûMand“carry“out“appropriate“mathematics“up˜to“a“â\relaxŽ¡‘Gá(whic²!h–ywill‘xbšMÞe“absorb˜ed),‘5¨or“up›xto“the“ rst˜non-v‘ÿdDalid“tok•²!en.‘®ãTh“us,‘5¨â\the\numexpr2+3px‘yáwillŽ¡‘Gprin²!t–q`â5pxá',‘{ÇbMÞecause“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›qreads“the˜â\numexpr2+3á,‘{Æwhic²!h“is˜made“up˜of“n•²!um“bMÞers,‘{Çand‘qthenŽ¡‘G 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8öŸò‘GáChapter–¦f15:‘ÝÝMaking“paragraphs’"f147ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëc15.1‘™ëg\parŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis–ØÔ(note›ØÕthat“while“reading˜the“input“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜con•²!v“erts›ØÔan“y˜sequence–ØÕof˜one˜or“more˜blankŽ© 33‘Glines–¦fto“a“â\pará,“Chapter“15“[Making“paragraphs],“page“146):ޤÌÍ‘.ùœâ\parŽ¡‘!GáEnd–Ó”the“curren²!t›Ó•paragraph.‘egThe“usual˜w•²!a“y–Ó”to“separate“paragraphs“is“with˜a“blank“lineަ‘Gbut– .the“â\par“ácommand“is“enš²!tirely“equiv‘ÿdDalen˜t.‘6This“command“is“robust“(see“Section“12.11ަ‘G[â\áprotect],–¦fpage“124).Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fexample“uses“â\par“árather“than“a“blank“line“simply“for“readabilit²!y‘ÿe.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%ަ‘:xð\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}Ž¡‘!GáIn–dÉLR‘dVmoMÞde›dÈthe“â\par“ácommand˜doMÞes“nothing˜and“is“ignored.‘ In˜paragraph“moMÞde,ަ‘Gthe–S â\par›S ácommand“terminates˜paragraph“moMÞde,‘¾2switc²!hing“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜to“v²!ertical˜moMÞde“(seeަ‘GChapter–¦f17“[MoMÞdes],“page“179).Ž¡‘!GY‘ÿeou–óÝcannot›óÜuse“the˜â\par“ácommand˜in“a˜math“moMÞde.‘Æ@Y‘ÿeou“also˜cannot“use˜it“in˜theަ‘Gargumenš²!t–Œ9of“man˜y“commands,‘‘usuc˜h“as“the“sectioning“commands,‘‘ue.g.“â\section“á(see“Chap-ަ‘Gter–µr15“[Making›µqparagraphs],‘å£page“146,‘å¢and“Section“12.1˜[â\ánewš²!command“&“â\árenew˜command],ަ‘Gpage‘¦f113).Ž¡‘!GThe–i×â\par›iØácommand“is“not“the˜same“as“the“â\paragraph˜ácommand.‘(0The˜latter“is,‘š³lik²!eަ‘Gâ\section–Iøáor›I÷â\subsectioná,‘rÜa“sectioning“command˜used“b²!y“the“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜doMÞcumen²!t“standardަ‘Gclasses–¦f(see“Section“6.5“[â\ásubsubsection“&“â\áparagraph“&“â\ásubparagraph],“page“41).Ž¡‘!GThe–—'â\par“ácommand›—(is“not“the“same“as˜â\newline“áor“the“line˜break“double“bac²!kslash,ަ‘Gâ\\á.‘æ´The–©Xdi erence“is“that›©Yâ\par“áends“the“paragraph,‘ªnot“just“the˜line,‘ªand˜also“triggers“theަ‘Gaddition–OUof›OVthe“bMÞet•²!w“een-paragraph˜v“ertical–OUspace˜â\parskip“á(see˜Section“15.3˜[â\áparinden²!t“&ަ‘Gâ\áparskip],–¦fpage“148).ŽŸÌΑ!GThe–¦foutput“from“this“exampleŽ¡‘.ùœâxyzŽŸff‘.ùœ\setlength{\parindent}{3in}ަ‘.ùœ\setlength{\parskip}{5in}ަ‘.ùœ\noindent–¿ªtest\indent“test1\par“test2Ž¡‘Gáis:‘öafter–²Æ`âxyzá'“there‘²Åis“a“vš²!ertical“skip“of“5“inc˜hes“and“then‘²Å`âtestá'“appMÞears,‘µÞaligned“with“theަ‘Gleft–¹˜margin.‘sOn‘¹—the“same“line,‘þdthere“is“an“emptš²!y“horizon˜tal“space‘¹—of“3“inc˜hes“and“thenަ‘G`âtest1á'›8ŠappMÞears.–¹>Finally‘ÿe.“there˜is–8‰a˜v²!ertical“space˜of“5˜inc•²!hes,‘N‚follo“w“ed‘8‰b“y˜a‘8‰fresh˜paragraphަ‘Gwith–¦fa“paragraph“indenš²!t“of“3“inc˜hes,“and“then“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“puts“the“text“`âtest2á'.ŽŸ34‘Gëc15.2‘™ëg\indent–f@ëc&“ëg\noindentŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\indentŽ¡‘GáorŽ¡‘.ùœâ\noindentŽ¡‘!GáGo›56in•²!to‘55horizon“tal˜mo•MÞde˜(see˜Chapter‘5517˜[Mo“des],‘Xêpage–55179).‘ŠMThe“â\indent˜ácommandަ‘G rst–÷çoutputs‘÷èan“emptš²!y“bMÞo˜x“whose›÷èwidth“is“â\parindentá.‘ÒaThese“commands“are˜robust“(seeަ‘GSection–¦f12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŽŒ‹” BŒŸò‘GáChapter–¦f15:‘ÝÝMaking“paragraphs’"f148ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GOrdinarily–æ‹y²!ou›æŒcreate“a˜new“paragraph˜b²!y“putting˜in“a“blank˜line.‘žMSee˜Section“15.1ޤ 33‘G[â\ápar],–¦ýpage›¦Þ147,“for–¦ßthe“di erence˜bMÞet•²!w“een–¦ßthis“command˜and“â\pará.‘ßGT‘ÿeo“start˜a“paragraphŽ¡‘Gwithout–¦fan“indenš²!t,“or“to“con˜tin˜ue“an“in˜terrupted“paragraph,“use“â\noindentá.Ž©W‰‘!GIn–ñthe“middle“of“a“paragraph“the“â\noindent“ácommand“has“no“e ect,‘*TbMÞecause“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“isŽ¡‘Galready–9Æin›9Çhorizon²!tal“moMÞde˜there.‘¹§The˜â\indent“ácommand's˜only“e 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X›ôstandard“class“doMÞcumen²!ts,‘GŒthe“default˜v‘ÿdDalue“for“â\parindent˜áin“one-columnŽ¡‘GdoMÞcumen²!ts–¬is›­â15pt“áwhen“the˜default“text“size˜is“â10ptá,‘ë<â17pt˜áfor“â11ptá,‘ë=and“â1.5emŽ¡‘Gáfor–báâ12ptá.‘ LIn“t•²!w“o-column›bàdoMÞcumen“ts–báit˜is“â1emá.‘ L(These“v‘ÿdDalues˜are“set˜bMÞefore“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Gcalls–bâ\normalfont›báso“âem˜áis“deriv²!ed˜from“the˜default“fon²!t,‘Q Computer˜MoMÞdern.‘IfŽ¡‘Gyš²!ou–7~use“a‘7di eren˜t“fon˜t“then“to“set“â\parindent‘7áto“1‘Ó7em“matc˜hing“that“fon˜t,‘ÃputŽ¡‘Gâ\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}–¦fáin“the“pream²!ble.)ަ‘!GThe–¦fdefault“v‘ÿdDalue“for“â\parskip“áin“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“standard“doMÞcumen²!t“classes“is“â0pt“plus1ptá.ŽŽŒ‹• OŸò‘GáChapter–¦f15:‘ÝÝMaking“paragraphs’"f149ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëc15.4‘™Marginal‘f@notesŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ޤ33‘.ùœâ\marginpar{èrightâ}Ž© 33‘.ùœ\marginpar[èleftâ]{èrightâ}Ž¡‘!GáCreate–?ça›?ænote“in˜the“margin.‘»³The˜ 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X“will˜place“subsequen²!t“marginal˜notes“inަ‘Gthe–½UoppMÞosite“margin“to“that“givš²!en“in‘½Vthe“prior“paragraph.‘-Rev˜ert“that“to“the“default“pMÞositionަ‘Gwith‘¦fâ\normalmarginpará.Ž¡‘!GWhen–“yš²!ou“spMÞecify“the“optional“argumen˜t“åleft‘S“áthen“it‘”is“used“for“a“note“in“the“left“margin,ަ‘Gwhile–¦fthe“mandatory“argumenš²!t“årigh˜t‘ãfáis“used“for“a“note“in“the“righ˜t“margin.Ž¡‘!GNormally‘ÿe,‘aa–O¨note's“ rst“wš²!ord“will“not‘O§bMÞe“h˜yphenated.‘ÀóY‘ÿeou“can“enable“h˜yphenation“thereަ‘Gbš²!y–¦fbMÞeginning“åleft‘ãfáor“årigh˜t‘ãfáwith“â\hspace{0pt}á.Ž¡‘!GThese–¦fparameters“a 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X“in˜to‘Ãmath“moMÞde“or“displa˜y‘Ãmath“moMÞde“(seeޤ 33‘GChapter–¦f17“[MošMÞdes],“page“179).‘ÝÝThis“example“sho²!ws“b˜oth.Ž©º»‘.ùœâThe–¿ªwave“equation“for“\(“u“\)“isŽ¡‘.ùœ\begin{displaymath}Ž¡‘:xð\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial–¿ªt^2}“=“c^2\nabla^2uŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{displaymath}Ž¡‘.ùœwhere–¿ª\(“\nabla^2“\)“is“the“spatial“Laplacian“and“\(“c“\)“is“constant.ަ‘GáMath–)dmoMÞde“is›)efor“inline“mathematics.‘f×In˜the“abMÞo•²!v“e–)dexample“it“is“in•²!v“ok“ed˜b“y–)dthe“startingŽ¡‘Gâ\(–Å‹áand“ nished“bš²!y“the“matc˜hing“ending“â\)á.‘;MDispla˜y“math“moMÞde“is“for“displa˜y˜ed“equationsŽ¡‘Gand–j½here‘j¾is“in•²!v“ok“ed›j½b“y˜the‘j¾âdisplaymath˜áen“vironmen“t.‘*ãNote˜that˜an“y‘j¾mathematical˜textŽ¡‘Gwhatev²!er,‘“˜including–Žåmathematical›Žätext“consisting“of˜just“one“c²!haracter,‘“˜is“handled˜in“mathŽ¡‘GmoMÞde.ަ‘!GWhen–ÈYin›ÈXmath“moMÞde“or“displa²!y˜math“moMÞde,‘ÐÖLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜handles“man²!y“aspMÞects“of˜y²!our“inputŽ¡‘Gtext–¦fdi eren²!tly“than“in“other“text“moMÞdes.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“example,ަ‘.ùœâcontrast–¿ªx+y“with“\(“x+y“\)ަ‘Gáin–¦fmath“moMÞde“the“letters“are“in“italics“and“the“spacing“around“the“plus“sign“is“di eren²!t.ަ‘!GThere–¦fare“three“w•²!a“ys–¦fto“makš²!e“inline“form˜ulas,“to“put“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“in“math“moMÞde.ަ‘.ùœâ\(–¿ªèmathematical“material“â\)Ž¡‘.ùœ$–¿ªèmathematical“material“â$Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{math}–¿ªèmathematical“material“â\end{math}ަ‘GáThe–s rst›sform“is“preferred˜and“the˜second“is“quite˜common,‘¦&but˜the“third“form˜is“rarelyŽ¡‘Gused.›[ÅY‘ÿeou–%³can“sometimes“use‘%´one“and“sometimes“another,‘E‡as“in“â\(x\)–¦fand“$y$á.˜Y‘ÿeou‘%³canŽ¡‘Guse–¦fthese“in“paragraph“mošMÞde“or“in“LR“mo˜de“(see“Chapter“17“[Mo˜des],“page“179).ަ‘!GT‘ÿeo–¦fmakš²!e“displa˜y˜ed“form˜ulas,“put“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“in˜to“displa˜y“math“moMÞde“with“either:ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{displaymath}Ž¡‘:xðèmathematical‘¿ªmaterialŽ¡‘.ùœâ\end{displaymath}ަ‘Gáorަ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xðèmathematical‘¿ªmaterialŽ¡‘.ùœâ\end{equation}ަ‘Gá(see–LSection›M8.5“[displa²!ymath],–i…page˜56,“see–LSection˜8.9“[equation],‘i…page˜60).‘ The“onlyŽ¡‘Gdi erence–ôMis›ôNthat“with“the˜âequation“áen•²!vironmen“t,‘GÆLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜puts–ôMa“form•²!ula˜n“um“bMÞer‘ôMalong-Ž¡‘Gside–kðthe“formš²!ula.‘.{The“construct“â\[–¦fèmath“â\]–kðáis“equiv‘ÿdDalen˜t“to“â\begin{displaymath}‘¦fèmathŽ¡‘Gâ\end{displaymath}á.‘ÖÖThese›‘Ren•²!vironmen“ts–‘Qcan“only˜bMÞe“used“in˜paragraph“moMÞde˜(see“Chap-Ž¡‘Gter–¦f17“[MoMÞdes],“page“179).ަ‘!GThe–™ American“Mathematical“SoMÞcietš²!y“has“made“freely“a˜v‘ÿdDailable“a“set“of“pac˜k‘ÿdDages“thatŽ¡‘Ggreatly–I]expand›I^y²!our“options˜for“writing˜mathematics,‘[ùâamsmath“áand˜âamssymb“á(also˜bMÞe“a•²!w“areŽ¡‘Gof–X?the›X@âmathtools“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage“that˜is“an“extension˜to,‘„µand“loads,‘„¶âamsmathá).‘óiNew“doMÞcumen²!tsŽ¡‘Gthat›]will‘]ha•²!v“e˜mathematical–]text˜should“use˜these“pac²!k‘ÿdDages.‘Å–Descriptions˜of“these˜pac²!k‘ÿdDagesŽ¡‘Gis–¦foutside“the“scopšMÞe“of“this“do˜cumen²!t;“see“their“do˜cumen²!tation“on“CT‘ÿeAN.ŽŽŒ‹— f–Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w151ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëc16.1‘™Subscripts–f@&“sups3erscriptsŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis–¦f(in“math“mošMÞde“or“displa²!y“math“mo˜de),“one“of:ޤÌÍ‘.ùœèbaseâ^èexpŽ© 33‘.ùœbaseâ^{èexpâ}Ž¡‘Gáor,–¦fone“of:Ž¡‘.ùœèbaseâ_èexpަ‘.ùœbaseâ_{èexpâ}Ž¡‘!GáMak²!e–Mòåexp‘¢óáappšMÞear‘Mñas“a“sup˜erscript“of“åbase‘êøá(with“the“caret“c²!haracter,“â^á)‘Mñor“a“subscriptަ‘G(with–¦funderscore,“â_á).Ž¡‘!GIn–¦fthis“example“the“â0á's“and“â1á's“are“subscripts“while“the“â2á's“are“supMÞerscripts.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\(–¿ª(x_0+x_1)^2“\leq“(x_0)^2+(x_1)^2“\)Ž¡‘!GáT‘ÿeo›(ha•²!v“e˜the˜subscript˜or˜supMÞerscript˜con“tain˜more˜than˜one˜c“haracter,‘nXsurround˜theަ‘Gexpression–’with›’‚curly“braces,‘–|as“in“âe^{-2x}á.‘×;This˜example's“fourth“line“sho²!ws˜curly“bracesަ‘Gused–¦fto“group“an“expression“for“the“expMÞonen²!t.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{displaymath}ަ‘:xð(3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683ަ‘:xð\qquadަ‘:xð3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987ަ‘.ùœ\end{displaymath}ŽŸÌΑ!GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–+áknoš²!ws“ho˜w“to“handle“a“supšMÞerscript“on‘+àa“sup˜erscript,‘Dbor“a“subscript“on“a“subscript,ަ‘Gor–F%supMÞers›F&on“subs,‘nor“subs“on˜supMÞers.‘½So,‘nexpressions˜suc²!h“as“âe^{x^2}“áand˜âx_{i_0}“ágiv²!eަ‘Gcorrect–Ø€output.‘t-Note“the“use›Øin“those˜expressions“of“curly˜braces“to“giv²!e˜the“åbase‘uˆáa“deter-ަ‘Gmined–!yåexpá.‘OIf“yš²!ou“en˜ter“â\(3^3^3\)á,‘@=this“in˜terpreted“as“â\(3^{3}^{3}\)“áand‘!xthen“y˜ou“getަ‘GT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦ferror“`âDouble“superscriptá'.Ž¡‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–ñhdoMÞes›ñithe“righ²!t“thing˜when“something“has˜bMÞoth“a“subscript“and˜a“supMÞerscript.‘¾äInަ‘Gthis–^®example“the“in²!tegral›^¯has“bMÞoth.‘ÅõThey“come“out“in“the“correct˜place“without“an²!y“authorަ‘Gin•²!terv“en“tion.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{displaymath}ަ‘:xð\int_{x=a}^b–¿ªf (x)\,dx“=“f(b)-f(a)ަ‘.ùœ\end{displaymath}Ž¡‘GáNote–¦fthe“curly“braces“around“âx=a“áto“makš²!e“the“en˜tire“expression“a“subscript.Ž¡‘!GT‘ÿeo–Šput“a“supšMÞerscript‘‹or“subscript“b˜efore“a“sym²!b˜ol,‘0use“a“construct“lik²!e‘‹â{}_t‘¦fK^2á.‘(ITheަ‘Gemptš²!y–dücurly‘dýbraces“â{}“ágiv˜e“the‘dýsubscript“something“to“attac˜h‘dýto“and“k˜eeps“it‘dýfrom“acciden-ަ‘Gtally–¦fattacš²!hing“to“a“prior“sym˜bMÞols.Ž¡‘!GUsing–·èthe›·ésubscript“or“supMÞerscript˜c²!haracter“outside“of“math˜moMÞde“or“displa²!y˜math“moMÞde,ަ‘Gas–¦fin“âthe“expression“x^2á,“will“get“y²!ou“the“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“error“`âMissing“$“insertedá'.Ž¡‘!GA‘) common–),reason›)-to“w•²!an“t˜subscripts–),outside˜of“a˜mathematics“moMÞde˜is“to˜tš²!ypMÞeset“c˜hem-ަ‘Gical–¦fformš²!ulas.‘ÝÝThere“are“pac˜k‘ÿdDages“for“that,“suc˜h“as“âmhchemá;“see“CT‘ÿeAN.ŽŸ34‘Gëc16.2‘™Math‘f@symŒÌbs3olsŽŽŸ33‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–ƒ÷proš²!vides‘ƒöalmost“an˜y‘ƒömathematical“or“tec˜hnical‘ƒösym˜bMÞol“that‘ƒöan˜y˜one“uses.‘} F‘ÿeor“example,ަ‘Gif–“Ïyš²!ou‘“Ðinclude“â$\pi$“áin“y˜our‘“Ðsource,‘—‡y˜ou“will“get‘“Ðthe“pi“sym˜bMÞol–“Ðéd“á.‘תSee“the‘“Ï\Comprehensiv˜eަ‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fSymš²!bMÞol“List"“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“at“âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensiveá.ŽŽŒ‹˜ sïŸò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w152ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GHere–µis“a“list›µ~of“commonly-used“sym²!bMÞols.‘ (It˜is“bš²!y“no“means“exhaustiv˜e.‘ 'Eac˜h“sym˜bMÞol“isޤ 33‘GdescribMÞed–ðäwith›ðåa“short˜phrase,‘1and˜its“symš²!bMÞol“class,‘2whic˜h“determines›ðåthe“spacing˜around“it,Ž¡‘Gis–Fïgivš²!en‘Fðin“paren˜thesis.‘¾ Unless›Fðsaid“otherwise,‘Zthe˜commands“for“these˜sym²!bMÞols“can˜bMÞe“usedŽ¡‘Gonly–8œin“math“mošMÞde.‘”T‘ÿeo“rede ne“a“command‘8›so“that“it“can“b˜e“used“whatevš²!er“the“curren˜tŽ¡‘GmoMÞde,–¦fsee“Section“17.1“[â\áensuremath],“page“179.ŽŸ‘¹‘Gâ\|‘.QŸêk–¦fáPš²!arallel“(relation).‘ÝÝSynon˜ym:“â\parallelá.Ž©r8‘Gâ\aleph‘R÷ê@–¦fáAleph,“trans nite“cardinal“(ordinary).ޤr7‘Gâ\alpha‘R÷é ‘°ÆáLo•²!w“ercase–¦fGreek“letter“alpha“(ordinary).Ž¡‘Gâ\amalg‘R÷êq–¦fáDisjoin²!t“union“(binary)ަ‘Gâ\angleŸþL…‘R÷óO!â…cmsy7º6ŽŽŸ³{‘vR„W äŽŽŽ‘&sìáGeometric–Á[angle“(ordinary).‘.¼Similar:‘Èless-than“sign“â<“áand“angleŽ© 33‘Kâ:brac•²!k“et‘¦fâ\langleá.Ž¡‘Gâ\approx‘“Mê–¦fáAlmost“equal“to“(relation).Ž¡‘Gâ\ast‘"ÒKê–v›áAsterisk“opMÞerator,›ª¨con•²!v“olution,˜six-pMÞoin“ted‘vš(binary).‘N|Synon“ym:‘v›â*á,˜whic“h‘v›isަ‘Kâ:often–33a“supMÞerscript“or“subscript,›Vfas“in“the‘32Kleene“star.‘„DSimilar:“â\stará,˜whic²!hަ‘Kâ:is›T  v•²!e-pMÞoin“ted,‘dûand–T¡is˜sometimes˜used˜as“a˜general˜binary“opMÞeration,‘dûand˜some-ަ‘Kâ:times–¦freserv²!ed“for“cross-correlation.ŽŸr8‘Gâ\asymp‘R÷ê–¦fáAsymptotically“equiv‘ÿdDalen²!t“(relation).Ž¡‘Gâ\backslashަ‘Kâ:\–U­áBacš²!kslash‘U¬(ordinary).‘ë±Similar:‘double“turnstile,˜short“double“dash‘úõ(relation).‘ÛSimilar:Ž¡‘Kâ:long–¦fdouble“dash“â\vDashá.ަ‘Gâ\mp‘(‘õê–¦fáMin²!us“or“plus“(relation).ŽŸŸ"‘Gâ\mu‘(‘õ雦fáLo•²!w“ercase˜Greek˜letter˜(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\nabla‘R÷êr–¦fáHamilton's“del,“or“di eren²!tial,“opMÞerator“(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\natural‘ Ó£é\–¦fáMusical“natural“notation“(ordinary).ŽŽŒ‹ ¬Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w157ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\ne‘(‘õê6á=–¦fNot“equal“(relation).‘ÝÝSynon²!ym:“â\neqá.ޤii‘Gâ\nearrow‘ Ó£ê%–¦fáNorth-east“arro²!w“(relation).Ž©ij‘Gâ\neg‘"ÒKê:–9ÜáLogical“negation“(ordinary).–˜?Synon²!ym:‘9Ýâ\lnotá.“Sometimes–9Üinstead“used“forŽŸ 33‘Kâ:negation:‘¦fâ\simá.Ž¡‘Gâ\neq‘"ÒKê6á=–¦fNot“equal“(relation).‘ÝÝSynon²!ym:“â\neá.ަ‘Gâ\ni‘(‘õê3–ª—áRe ected“memš²!bMÞership“epsilon;‘¬°has“the“mem˜bMÞer“(relation).‘êqSynon˜ym:“â\ownsá.Ž© 33‘Kâ:Similar:‘ÝÝis–¦fa“mem²!bMÞer“of“â\iná.Ž¡‘Gâ\not‘"ÒKê6‘™˜áLong–¦fsolidus,“or“slash,“used“to“o•²!v“erstrik“e–¦fa“follo²!wing“opMÞerator“(relation).ŽŸNO‘Kâ:Man²!y–ïÍnegated›ïÌopMÞerators“are˜a²!v‘ÿdDailable“that“don't˜require“â\notá,‘Qparticularly“withަ‘Kâ:the–÷Ÿâamssymb“ápacš²!k‘ÿdDage.‘чF‘ÿeor“example,‘Kìâ\notin“áis‘÷žt˜ypMÞographically“preferable“toަ‘Kâ:â\not\iná.Ž¡‘Gâ\notin‘Šoé=ŽŽ‘R÷ê2ŽŽŽŽ‘"F+áNot–¦fan“elemen²!t“of“(relation).–ÝÝSimilar:“not–¦fsubset“of“â\nsubseteqá.Ž©ij‘Gâ\nu‘(‘õé‘XØáLo•²!w“ercase–¦fGreek“letter“(ordinary).Ž¡‘Gâ\nwarrow‘ Ó£ê-–¦fáNorth-wš²!est“arro˜w“(relation).Ž¡‘Gâ\odot‘¡ê –¦fáDot“inside“a“circle“(binary).–ÝÝSimilar:“v‘ÿdDariable-sized–¦fopMÞerator“â\bigodotá.ަ‘Gâ\oint‘¡Ÿ÷´ø½HŽ‘'c²áCon•²!tour›¦fin“tegral,˜in“tegral˜with˜circle˜in˜the˜middle˜(opMÞerator).Ž¡‘Gâ\Omega‘R÷á –¦fuppMÞercase“Greek“letter“(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\omega‘R÷é!‘ ùáLo•²!w“ercase–¦fGreek“letter“(ordinary).Ž¡‘Gâ\ominus‘“Mê –¦fáMin²!us“sign,“or“dash,“inside“a“circle“(binary).ަ‘Gâ\oplus‘R÷ê–´)áPlus“sign‘´(inside“a“circle“(binary).‘Similar:‘d¾v‘ÿdDariable-sized“opMÞerator“â\bigoplusá.Ž¡‘Gâ\oslash‘“Mê –¦fáSolidus,“or“slash,“inside“a“circle“(binary).ަ‘Gâ\otimes‘“Mê › aáTimes– bsign,‘#_or“cross,‘#`inside˜a˜circle˜(binary).‘ ÏSimilar:‘¥Ôv‘ÿdDariable-sized˜opMÞera-Ž© 33‘Kâ:tor‘¦fâ\bigotimesá.Ž¡‘Gâ\owns‘¡ê3–ªˆáRe ected“memš²!bMÞership‘ª‰epsilon;‘,™has“the“mem˜bMÞer“(relation).‘êDSynon˜ym:“â\niá.ަ‘Kâ:Similar:‘ÝÝis–¦fa“mem²!bMÞer“of“â\iná.ŽŸij‘Gâ\parallelަ‘Kâ:êk–¦fáPš²!arallel“(relation).‘ÝÝSynon˜ym:“â\|á.Ž¡‘Gâ\partial‘ Ó£é@‘B!áP•²!artial›¦fdi eren“tial˜(ordinary).ŽŸij‘Gâ\perp‘¡ê?–‘qáP²!erpMÞendicular“(relation).‘ÖáSimilar:‘‘pâ\bot“áuses“the“same“glyph“but“the“spacingަ‘Kâ:is–¦fdi eren²!t“bMÞecause“it“is“in“the“class“ordinary‘ÿe.Ž¡‘Gâ\Phi‘"ÒKá–¦fUppMÞercase“Greek“letter“(ordinary).Ž©ij‘Gâ\phi‘"ÒK雦fáLo•²!w“ercase˜Greek˜letter˜(ordinary).‘ÝÝThe˜v‘ÿdDarian“t˜form˜is˜â\varphi˜é'á.Ž¡‘Gâ\Pi‘(‘õá–¦fuppMÞercase“Greek“letter“(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\pi‘(‘õé‘ ùáLo•²!w“ercase–¦fGreek“letter“(ordinary).‘ÝÝThe“v‘ÿdDarian²!t“form“is“â\varpi“é$MÞá.Ž¡‘Gâ\pm‘(‘õê–¦fáPlus“or“min²!us“(binary).ŽŽŒ‹ž ·Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w158ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\prec‘¡ê–¦fáPrecedes“(relation).–ÝÝSimilar:“less–¦fthan“â<á.Ž©Â‘Gâ\preceq‘“Mê–¦fáPrecedes“or“equals“(relation).–ÝÝSimilar:“less–¦fthan“or“equals“â\leqá.ŽŸÂ‘Gâ\prime‘R÷ê0–ÂcáPrime,‘ aor“minš²!ute“in‘Âba“time“expression“(ordinary).‘1ÓT˜ypically“used‘Âbas“a“su-ޤ 33‘Kâ:pšMÞerscript:‘KØâ$f^\prime$á;‘xââ$f^\prime$–Ýdáand“â$f $‘Ýcápro˜duce“the‘Ýcsame“result.‘‚ÖAnŽ¡‘Kâ:adv‘ÿdDanš²!tage–Iâof“the“second“is‘Iãthat“â$f $“áproMÞduces“the“desired“sym˜bMÞol,‘rÁthat“is,Ž¡‘Kâ:the–×Tsame“result›×Uas“â$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$á,‘#but“uses˜rather“less“t²!yping.Ž¡‘Kâ:Y‘ÿeou–“~can“only“use“â\prime“áin“math“moMÞde.‘×Using“the“righ²!t“single“quote“â “áin“textŽ¡‘Kâ:mo•MÞde›¦fpro“duces˜a˜di eren•²!t˜c“haracter˜(apMÞostrophe).ަ‘Gâ\prod‘¡ŸøC0½QŽ‘**ÐáPro•MÞduct‘¦f(op“erator).ޤ‘Gâ\propto‘“Mê/–¦fáIs“propMÞortional“to“(relation)ަ‘Gâ\Psi‘"ÒKá –¦fuppMÞercase“Greek“letter“(ordinary).Ž¡‘Gâ\psi‘"ÒKé ‘ ùáLo•²!w“ercase–¦fGreek“letter“(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\rangle‘“Mêi–Ú´áRigh²!t‘Ú³angle,›§Æor“sequence,˜brac•²!k“et–Ú³(closing).‘zÆSimilar:‘ Fygreater“than‘Ú´â>á.ŽŸ 33‘Kâ:Matc²!hes:â\langleá.ަ‘Gâ\rbrace‘“Mêg–¦fáRighš²!t“curly“brace“(closing).‘ÝÝSynon˜ym:“â\}á.‘ÝÝMatc˜hes“â\lbraceá.Ž¡‘Gâ\rbrack‘“Má]–¦fRighš²!t“square“brac˜k˜et“(closing).‘ÝÝSynon˜ym:“â]á.‘ÝÝMatc˜hes“â\lbracká.ަ‘Gâ\rceil‘R÷êe–¦fáRighš²!t“ceiling“brac˜k˜et“(closing).‘ÝÝMatc˜hes“â\lceilá.Ž¡‘Gâ\Re‘(‘õê<–ÚkáReal“part,›çlreal“n•²!um“bMÞers,˜cursiv“e–Úkcapital“R‘Ú^(ordinary).‘yìRelated:‘Eçdouble-line,ޤ 33‘Kâ:or–¦fblac²!kbšMÞoard“b˜old,“R“â\mathbb{R}á;“to“access“this,“load“the“âamsfonts“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage.ަ‘Gâ\restrictionŽ¡‘OçÚáRestriction– of‘¡a“function“(relation).–ûŒSynonš²!ym:‘œQâ\upharpoonrightá.“Not‘ a˜v‘ÿdDail-Ž¡‘Kâ:able–¦fin“plain“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X.‘ÝÝIn“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“yš²!ou“need“to“load“the“âamssymb“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage.ަ‘Gâ\revemptysetŽ¡‘O®áRev•²!ersed›ËÇempt“y˜set˜sym“bMÞol˜(ordinary).–NRelated:‘(Ÿâ\varnothingá.“Not˜a²!v‘ÿdDailableŽ¡‘Kâ:in–¦fplain“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X.‘ÝÝIn“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“yš²!ou“need“to“load“the“âstix“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage.ŽŸÂ‘Gâ\rfloor‘“Mêc–%áRighš²!t“ oMÞor“brac˜k˜et,‘„¿a“righ˜t“square“brac˜k˜et“with“the‘%top“cut“o “(closing).Ž¡‘Kâ:Matc²!hes‘¦fâ\lfloorá.ަ‘Gâ\rhd‘"ÒKëw–áArro²!whead,›µÚthat“is,˜triangle,‘µÙpMÞoin•²!ting›righ“t–(binary).‘iZF‘ÿeor“the˜normal“sub-Ž¡‘Kâ:group›˜Ûsym•²!bMÞol‘˜Úy“ou˜should–˜Úinstead˜load“âamssymb˜áand“use˜â\vartrianglerightŽ¡‘Kâ:á(whicš²!h–¦fis“a“relation“and“so“giv˜es“bMÞetter“spacing).ŽŸÂ‘Gâ\rho‘"ÒK雦fáLo•²!w“ercase˜Greek˜letter˜(ordinary).‘ÝÝThe˜v‘ÿdDarian“t˜form˜is˜â\varrho˜é%á.ަ‘Gâ\RightarrowŽ¡‘Kâ:ê)›ôáImplies,‘¼righ•²!t-pMÞoin“ting˜double‘ôline˜arro“w˜(relation).‘¢lSimilar:‘„³righ“t˜single-lineŽ¡‘Kâ:arro²!w‘¦fâ\rightarrowá.ŽŸÂ‘Gâ\rightarrowŽ¡‘Kâ:ê!›‚ÁáRigh•²!t-pMÞoin“ting˜single˜line˜arro“w˜(relation).‘rïSynon“ym:˜â\toá.‘rîSimilar:‘–“righ“tŽ¡‘Kâ:double–¦fline“arro²!w“â\Rightarrowá.ަ‘Gâ\rightharpoondownŽ¡‘Kâ:é+›¦fáRigh•²!t-pMÞoin“ting˜harp•MÞo“on˜with˜barb˜b“elo²!w˜the˜line˜(relation).ŽŽŒ‹Ÿ ³Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w159ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\rightharpoonupޤ 33‘Kâ:é*›¦fáRigh•²!t-pMÞoin“ting˜harp•MÞo“on˜with˜barb˜ab“o•²!v“e˜the˜line˜(relation).Ž©sà‘Gâ\rightleftharpoonsŽ¡žEj‘Kâ:Ÿþé*ŽŽŽ‘Kâ:)ŽŽŽŽŽŽ‘Z{ÕáRigh²!t›¦fharp•MÞo“on˜up˜ab“o•²!v“e˜left˜harp•MÞo“on˜do²!wn˜(relation).ަ‘Gâ\searrow‘ Ó£ê&–¦fáArroš²!w“pMÞoin˜ting“southeast“(relation).ަ‘Gâ\setminusŽ¡‘Kâ:ên–)áSet“di erence,‘’6revš²!erse“solidus“or“rev˜erse“slash,‘’6lik˜e“â\“á(binary).‘ÕsSimilar:‘Ñ?bac˜k-Ž¡‘Kâ:slash–¦fâ\backslash“áand“also“â\textbackslash“áoutside“of“math“moMÞde.ŽŸsß‘Gâ\sharp‘R÷é]–¦fáMusical“sharp“(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\Sigma‘R÷á–¦fuppMÞercase“Greek“letter“(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\sigma‘R÷é‘ ùáLo•²!w“ercase–¦fGreek“letter“(ordinary).‘ÝÝThe“v‘ÿdDarian²!t“form“is“â\varsigma“é&‘ßÜá.ަ‘Gâ\sim‘"ÒKê–¦fáSimilar,“in“a“relation“(relation).ަ‘Gâ\simeq‘R÷ê'–¦fáSimilar“or“equal“to,“in“a“relation“(relation).ަ‘Gâ\smallintŽ¡‘Kâ:êsŽ‘UPáInš²!tegral–¦fsign“that“doMÞes“not“c˜hange“to“a“larger“size“in“a“displa˜y“(opMÞerator).ŽŸsß‘Gâ\smile‘R÷é^›¦fáUp•²!w“ard˜curving˜arc,˜smile˜(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\spadesuitŽ¡‘Kâ:ê–¦fáSpade“card“suit“(ordinary).ަ‘Gâ\sqcap‘R÷êu–¦fáSquare“inš²!tersection“sym˜bMÞol“(binary).–ÝÝSimilar:“in˜tersection‘¦fâcapá.ަ‘Gâ\sqcup‘R÷êt– }áSquare› |union“sym²!bMÞol˜(binary).–L!Similar:‘Ò union˜âcupá.“Related:‘Ò v‘ÿdDariable-sizedŽ¡‘Kâ:opMÞerator‘¦fâ\bigsqcupá.ަ‘Gâ\sqsubsetŽ¡‘P] áSquare–zÑsubset‘zÒsymš²!bMÞol“(relation).‘[Similar:‘†´subset“â\subsetá.‘[Not“a˜v‘ÿdDailable“inŽ¡‘Kâ:plain–¦fT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X.‘ÝÝIn“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“yš²!ou“need“to“load“the“âamssymb“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage.ަ‘Gâ\sqsubseteqŽ¡‘Kâ:êv–²¼áSquare“subset‘²»or“equal“sym²!bMÞol“(binary).‘ÞSimilar:‘ öˆsubset“or“equalŽ¡‘Kâ:to‘¦fâ\subseteqá.ŽŸsß‘Gâ\sqsupsetŽ¡‘OûÞáSquare‘£sup•MÞerset›¤sym²!b“ol˜(relation).›7–Similar:‘ÄXsup“erset‘£â\supsetá.˜Not‘¤a²!v‘ÿdDailableŽ¡‘Kâ:in–¦fplain“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X.‘ÝÝIn“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“yš²!ou“need“to“load“the“âamssymb“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage.ަ‘Gâ\sqsupseteqŽ¡‘Kâ:êw–ÝîáSquare“supšMÞerset“or“equal“sym²!b˜ol‘Ýï(binary).‘„uSimilar:‘Lísup˜erset“orŽ¡‘Kâ:equal‘¦fâ\supseteqá.ަ‘Gâ\star‘¡é?›káFiv•²!e-pMÞoin“ted˜star,‘œDsometimes˜used‘kas˜a˜general˜binary˜opMÞeration˜but˜some-Ž¡‘Kâ:times–Áreservš²!ed“for“cross-correlation–Á(binary).‘.Similar:‘Othe“synon˜yms–Áasterisk“â*Ž¡‘Kâ:áand–Îiâ\astá,‘jwhicš²!h“are“six-pMÞoin˜ted,‘jand“more›Îjoften“appMÞear“as“a˜supMÞerscript“orŽ¡‘Kâ:subscript,–¦fas“with“the“Kleene“star.ަ‘Gâ\subset‘“Mê–¦fáSubset“(oMÞccasionally‘ÿe,“is“implied“b²!y)“(relation).ŽŽŒ‹  ÏœŸò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w160ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\subseteqŽŸ 33‘Kâ:ê–¦fáSubset“or“equal“to“(relation).ޤzá‘Gâ\succ‘¡ê–¦fáComes“after,“succeeds“(relation).–ÝÝSimilar:“is–¦fless“than“â>á.Ž©zâ‘Gâ\succeq‘“Mê–¦fáSucceeds“or“is“equal“to“(relation).–ÝÝSimilar:“less–¦fthan“or“equal“to“â\leqá.Ž¡‘Gâ\sum‘"ÒKŸøC0½PŽ‘1ìáSummation›¦f(opMÞerator).–ÝÝSimilar:“Greek˜capital˜sigma˜â\Sigmaá.ަ‘Gâ\supset‘“Mê–¦fáSupMÞerset“(relation).Ž¡‘Gâ\supseteqޤ 33‘Kâ:ê–¦fáSupMÞerset“or“equal“to“(relation).ަ‘Gâ\surd‘¡Ÿø9»êpŽŽ‘*gªáRadical–5sym²!bMÞol›5 (ordinary).‘‰ÃThe“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“command˜â\sqrt{...}“át²!ypMÞesets“theŽ¡‘Kâ:square–¦froMÞot“of“the“argumenš²!t,“with“a“bar“that“extends“to“co˜v˜er“the“argumen˜t.ޤzá‘Gâ\swarrow‘ 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X.‘ÝÝIn“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“yš²!ou“need“to“load“the“âamssymb“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage.ަ‘Gâ\varphi‘“Mé'–"áV‘ÿearianš²!t“on“the‘#lo˜w˜ercase“Greek“letter“(ordinary).‘nThe“non-v‘ÿdDarian˜t“form“isŽ¡‘Kâ:â\phi‘¦féá.ŽŸ&f‘Gâ\varpi‘R÷é$‘£€áV‘ÿearianš²!t–U¢on‘U¡the“lo˜w˜ercase“Greek“letter–U¡(ordinary).‘ë‘The“non-v‘ÿdDarian˜t–U¢form“isŽ¡‘Kâ:â\pi‘¦féd“á.ަ‘Gâ\varrho‘“Mé%–žµáV‘ÿearianš²!t“on“the“lo˜w˜ercase“Greek“letter‘ž¶(ordinary).‘ÆÊThe“non-v‘ÿdDarian˜t“form“isŽ¡‘Kâ:â\rho‘¦féá.ަ‘Gâ\varsigmaŽ¡‘Kâ:é&‘Ž—áV‘ÿearianš²!t–®»on“the“lo˜w˜ercase“Greek“letter‘®¼(ordinary).‘öÜThe“non-v‘ÿdDarian˜t“form“isŽ¡‘Kâ:â\sigma‘¦féd“á.ަ‘Gâ\varthetaŽ¡‘Kâ:é#–Ž©áV‘ÿearianš²!t“on‘ލthe“lo˜w˜ercase“Greek“letter–ލ(ordinary).‘–¦The“non-v‘ÿdDarian˜t–Ž©form“isŽ¡‘Kâ:â\theta‘¦féMÞá.ŽŸ&f‘Gâ\vdash‘R÷ê`›ÆÇáPro•²!v‘ÿdDable;‘Öøturnstile,‘Îàv“ertical–ÆÈand˜a˜dash“(relation).‘?Similar:‘ turnstile˜rotatedŽ¡‘Kâ:a–¦fhalf-circle“â\dashvá.ަ‘Gâ\vee‘"ÒKê_– áLogical› or;‘½ka“do•²!wn“w“ards– v˜shapMÞe“(binary).‘ 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X.‘ƒ:The˜âlatexsym“áand“âamsfonts“ápac²!k‘ÿdDagesŽ¡‘Gcon•²!tain›¦fman“y˜more.ŽŸDí‘GãSym²!bMÞolŽŽŽ‘In CommandŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê+ŽŽŽ‘In â\DownarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê#ŽŽŽ‘In â\downarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê ‘þ,Ïé-ŽŽŽ‘In â\hookleftarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gé,‘þ,Ïê!ŽŽŽ‘In â\hookrightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê ŽŽŽ‘In â\leftarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê(ŽŽŽ‘In â\LeftarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê,ŽŽŽ‘In â\LeftrightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê$ŽŽŽ‘In â\leftrightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê ‘þ,ÏŽŽŽŽŽŽ‘In â\longleftarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê(‘þ,Ïá=ŽŽŽ‘In â\LongleftarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê ‘þ,Ï!ŽŽŽ‘In â\longleftrightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê(‘þ,Ï)ŽŽŽ‘In â\LongleftrightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê7ŽŽŽ‘±!ŽŽŽ‘In â\longmapstoŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gá=‘þ,Ïê)ŽŽŽ‘In â\LongrightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêŽŽŽ‘Â\!ŽŽŽ‘In â\longrightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê7!ŽŽŽ‘In â\mapstoŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê%ŽŽŽ‘In â\nearrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê-ŽŽŽ‘In â\nwarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê)ŽŽŽ‘In â\RightarrowŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gê!ŽŽŽ‘In â\rightarrowá,–¦for“â\toŽŽŽŽŽŒ‹£ óŸò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w163ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gê&ŽŽŽ‘In â\searrowŽŽŽŽ¤ 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erence“bMÞet•²!w“een˜â\to–Íáand˜â\mapsto“áis:‘˜‘â\(–¦ff\colon“D\to“C“\)“givenŽ¡‘Gby–¦f\(“n\mapsto“n^2“\)á.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor›~comm•²!utativ“e˜diagrams˜there˜are˜a˜n“um“bMÞer˜of˜pac“k‘ÿdDages,‘¹Kincluding˜âtikz-cd˜áand˜âamscdá.ŽŸ}‘Gëm16.2.2‘d(ëp\boldmath–íMëm&“ëp\unboldmathŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis–¦f(used“in“paragraph“mošMÞde“or“LR“mo˜de):ŽŸ8¯‘.ùœâ\boldmath–¿ª\(“èmath“â\)ަ‘Gáorަ‘.ùœâ\unboldmath–¿ª\(“èmath“â\)ަ‘!GáDeclarations–7eto“cš²!hange‘7dthe“letters“and“sym˜bšMÞols“in‘7dåmath“áto“b˜e“in“a“b˜old‘7dfon²!t,‘›¤or“toŽ¡‘Gcounš²!termand–åEthat“and‘åFbring“bac˜k“the“regular“(non-bšMÞold)“default,‘ôýresp˜ectivš²!ely‘ÿe.‘š{They“m˜ustŽ¡‘GbšMÞe–7íused“when“änot‘A×áin‘7îmath“mo˜de“or“displa²!y“math“mo˜de“(see“Chapter“17‘7î[Mo˜des],‘Npage“179).Ž¡‘GBoth–¦fcommands“are“fragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ަ‘!GIn–¦fthis“example“eacš²!h“â\boldmath“ácommand“tak˜es“place“inside“an“â\mboxá,ަ‘.ùœâwe–¿ªhave“$\mbox{\boldmath“\(“v“\)}“=“5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath“\(“u“\)$}$ަ‘Gáwhic²!h–d…means“â\boldmath“áis›d„only“called“in“a“text“mo•MÞde,‘q²here˜LR‘dumo“de,‘q±and–d…explains“whš²!y“w˜eŽ¡‘Gm•²!ust›¦fswitc“h˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜in“to˜math˜moMÞde˜to˜set˜âv˜áand˜âuá.ŽŸ8¯‘!GIf–ÜCy²!ou›ÜBuse“either˜command“inside˜math“moMÞde,‘)¹as˜with“âTrouble:–¦f\(“\boldmath“x“\)á,Ž¡‘Gthen–€‘yš²!ou“get“something“lik˜e“`âLaTeX–¦fFont“Warning:“Command“\boldmath“invalid“in“mathŽ¡‘Gmodeá'–¦fand“`âLaTeX“Font“Warning:“Command“\mathversion“invalid“in“math“modeá'.ŽŸ}‘Gëm16.2.2.1–d(ëpbmëm:“Individual–íMbšiold“math“sym–áb˜olsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSpšMÞecifying–®0â\boldmath“áis“the“b˜est“metho˜d“for“t²!yp˜esetting“a“whole“math“expression“in“b˜old.Ž¡‘GBut–K‡to“tš²!ypMÞeset“individual“sym˜bšMÞols“within“an‘Kˆexpression“in“b˜old,‘tÏthe“âbm“ápacš²!k‘ÿdDage“pro˜videdŽ¡‘Gb²!y–Üthe“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B 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*something“other“than“an˜uppMÞercase“letter,‘>›y²!ou“do˜not“get“anŽ¡‘Gerror–¦fbut“yš²!ou“do“get“strange“results,“including“unexpMÞected“c˜haracters.ަ‘!GThere–Óõare“pacš²!k‘ÿdDages‘Óôthat“giv˜e“access“to‘Óôsym˜bšMÞols“other“than“just‘Óôthe“capital“letters;‘ê¼lo˜okŽ¡‘Gon‘¦fCT‘ÿeAN.ŽŸ¤‘Gëm16.2.4‘d(CalligraphicŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\mathcal{èuppercase-lettersâ}ަ‘!GáUse–¦fa“script-likš²!e“fon˜t.ަ‘!GIn–¦fthis“example“the“graph“idenš²!ti 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33‘Gá(ŽŽŽ‘MÄâ(ŽŽŽ’¤}áLeft‘¦fparen²!thesisŽŽŽŽ¡‘G)ŽŽŽ‘MÄâ)ŽŽŽ’¤}áRigh•²!t‘¦fparen“thesisŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gâ\êfŽŽŽ‘MÄâ{–¦fáor“â\lbraceŽŽŽ’¤}áLeft‘¦fbraceŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gâ\êgŽŽŽ‘MÄâ}–¦fáor“â\rbraceŽŽŽ’¤}áRigh²!t‘¦fbraceŽŽŽŽ¡‘G[ŽŽŽ‘MÄâ[–¦fáor“â\lbrackŽŽŽ’¤}áLeft‘¦fbrac•²!k“etŽŽŽŽ¡‘G]ŽŽŽ‘MÄâ]–¦fáor“â\rbrackŽŽŽ’¤}áRigh•²!t‘¦fbrac“k“etŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêbŽŽŽ‘MÄâ\lfloorŽŽŽ’¤}áLeft–¦f oMÞor“brac•²!k“etŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêcŽŽŽ‘MÄâ\rfloorŽŽŽ’¤}áRighš²!t–¦f oMÞor“brac˜k˜etŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêdŽŽŽ‘MÄâ\lceilŽŽŽ’¤}áLeft–¦fceiling“brac•²!k“etŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêeŽŽŽ‘MÄâ\rceilŽŽŽ’¤}áRighš²!t–¦fceiling“brac˜k˜etŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêhŽŽŽ‘MÄâ\langleŽŽŽ’¤}áLeft–¦fangle“brac•²!k“etŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêiŽŽŽ‘MÄâ\rangleŽŽŽ’¤}áRighš²!t–¦fangle“brac˜k˜etŽŽŽŽ¡‘G/ŽŽŽ‘MÄâ/ŽŽŽ’¤}áSlash,–¦for“forw²!ard“slashŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gâ\ŽŽŽ‘MÄ\backslashŽŽŽ’¤}áRevš²!erse–¦fslash,“or“bac˜kslashŽŽŽŽ¡‘Gâ|ŽŽŽ‘MÄ|–¦fáor“â\vertŽŽŽ’¤}áV‘ÿeertical‘¦fbarŽŽŽŽ¡‘GêkŽŽŽ‘MÄâ\|–¦fáor“â\VertŽŽŽ’¤}áDouble–¦fv²!ertical“barŽŽŽŽ©;¼‘!GThe–¡ âmathtools“ápac•²!k‘ÿdDage‘¡ allo“ws›¡ y“ou˜to˜create‘¡ commands˜for˜paired˜delimiters.‘ ÍÎF‘ÿeorŽ¡‘Ginstance,‘„if–W´y²!ou›W³put“â\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}˜áin“y•²!our˜pream“bleŽ¡‘Gthen–[µyš²!ou‘[¶get“t˜w˜o“commands›[¶for“single-line˜v²!ertical“bars“(they˜only“w²!ork“in˜math“moMÞde).Ž¡‘GThe–Oæstarred“form,›a3suc²!h“as“â\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}á,˜has“the“heighš²!t“of“the“v˜ertical“bars“matc˜hŽ¡‘Gthe–Žgheighš²!t“of“the“argumen˜t.‘•áThe“unstarred“form,‘Ègsuc˜h“as“â\abs{\frac{22}{7}}á,‘Èghas“theŽ¡‘Gbars–<Ý xed“at›<Þa“default“heigh²!t.‘¡CThis“form“accepts“an˜optional“argumen²!t,‘b{as“in“â\abs[èsizeŽ¡‘Gcommandâ]{\frac{22}{7}}á,‘Àbwhere–»/the“heighš²!t“of‘»0the“bars“is“giv˜en‘»0in“åsize“commandá,‘Àbsuc˜h“asŽ¡‘Gâ\Biggá.‘È#Using–e9instead“â\lVert›e8áand“â\rVert“áas˜the“symš²!bMÞols“will“giv˜e‘e8y˜ou“a“norm‘e8sym˜bMÞol“withŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fsame“bMÞeha²!vior.ŽŸŠ‘Gëm16.2.5.1‘d(ëp\left–íMëm&“ëp\rightŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\left–¿ªèdelimiter1“â...“\right“èdelimiter2ŽŸ;½‘!GáMak•²!e‘Cºmatc“hing›C»paren“theses,–Wvbraces,“or˜other–Cºdelimiters.‘¼ùLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜mak²!es“the˜delimiters“tallŽ¡‘Genough–¦fto“just“co•²!v“er–¦fthe“size“of“the“form²!ula“that“they“enclose.ަ‘!GThis–¦fmakš²!es“a“unit“v˜ector“surrounded“b˜y“paren˜theses“tall“enough“to“co˜v˜er“the“en˜tries.ŽŸ;½‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\left(\begin{array}{c}Ž¡‘EøD1‘>þ\\Ž¡‘EøD0‘>þ\\Ž¡‘:xð\end{array}\right)Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ަ‘!GáSee–¦fSection“16.2.5“[Delimiters],“page“164,“for“a“list“of“the“common“delimiters.ŽŸ;½‘!GEv•²!ery›ëâ\left‘ìám“ust˜ha“v“e˜a˜matc“hing‘ìâ\rightá.‘ &mIn˜the˜abMÞo“v“e˜example,‘oLlea“ving‘ìout˜theŽ¡‘Gâ\left(–págets“the“error“message“`âExtra›¦f\rightá'.‘6úLea²!ving“out“the“â\right)“ágets“`âYou˜can tŽ¡‘Guse–¦f\eqno “in“math“modeá'.ަ‘!GHo•²!w“ev“er,‘ôådelimiter1‘Ûªáand–üqådelimiter2‘Û«áneed“not“matcš²!h.‘ßÿA‘ü[common“case“is‘ürthat“y˜ou“w˜an˜tŽ¡‘Gan–¦funmatcš²!hed“brace,“as“bMÞelo˜w.‘ÝÝUse“a“p•MÞerio“d,–¦f`â.á',“as“a“ån˜ull“delimiterá.ŽŽŒ‹¦ Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w166ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}ޤ 33‘:xðf(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}Ž¡’Šô<1‘J»¢&\mbox{--if–¿ª\(n=0\)}“\\Ž¡’Šôþ&\mbox{--else}Ž¡‘W7B\end{array}\right.Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}Ž©Q‘GáNote– that“to“get›a“curly“brace“as“a“delimiter“y•²!ou˜m“ust– pre x“it“with“a“bac²!kslash,‘31â\{“á(seeŽ¡‘G[Reserv•²!ed›1c“haracters],‘Hùpage˜6).‘¶ï(The‘1žpac“k‘ÿdDages˜âamsmath˜áand˜âmathtools˜áallo“w˜y“ou‘1žto˜get˜theŽ¡‘GabMÞo•²!v“e–¦fconstruct“through“in“a“âcases“áen•²!vironmen“t.)ަ‘!GThe›ÖÑâ\left–¦f...“\right˜ápair˜mak•²!e˜a˜group.‘˜¬One˜consequence˜is˜that˜the˜form“ula˜enclosedŽ¡‘Gin›]#the‘]"â\left–¦f...“\right˜ápair‘]"cannot˜ha•²!v“e–]"line˜breaks“in˜the“output.‘This“includes˜bMÞothŽ¡‘Gman²!ual–$line“breaks“and›$LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X-generated“automatic“ones.‘²fIn“this˜example,‘>LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“breaks“theŽ¡‘Gequation–¦fto“makš²!e“the“form˜ula“ t“the“margins.ަ‘.ùœâLorem–¿ªipsum“dolor“sit“ametŽ¡‘.ùœ\(–¿ª(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z)“\)ŽŸP‘GáBut–¦fwith“â\left“áand“â\rightަ‘.ùœLorem–¿ªipsum“dolor“sit“ametŽ¡‘.ùœ\(–¿ª\left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right)“\)ަ‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fwš²!on't“break“the“line,“causing“the“form˜ula“to“extend“in˜to“the“margin.ަ‘!GBecause›Îâ\left–¦f...“\right˜ámak²!e˜a˜group,‘-çall˜the˜usual˜grouping˜rules˜hold.‘#Here,‘-ètheŽ¡‘Gv‘ÿdDalue–¦fof“â\testlength“áset“inside“the“equation“will“bMÞe“forgotten,“and“the“output“is“`â1.2ptá'.ަ‘.ùœâ\newlength{\testlength}‘¿ª\setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\left(–¿ªa+b=c“\setlength{\testlength}{3.4pt}“\right)Ž¡‘:xð\the\testlengthŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ަ‘!GáThe›Iîâ\left–¦f...“\right–Iíápair˜a ect˜the“horizon²!tal˜spacing“of˜the˜enclosed“form•²!ula,‘\lin˜t“w“oŽ¡‘Gw•²!a“ys.‘P!The›!Ó rst–!Òis“that“in“â\(–¦f\sin(x)“=“\sin\left(x\right)“\)–!Òáthe˜one“after“the“equalsŽ¡‘Gsign–‡&has›‡'more“space“around“the˜âxá.‘~That's˜bMÞecause“â\left(–¦f...“\right)–‡&áinserts“an˜inner“noMÞdeŽ¡‘Gwhile›Épâ(–¦f...“)˜áinserts˜an‘Éqop•MÞening˜no“de.‘FûThe˜second˜w•²!a“y˜that‘Éqthe˜pair˜a ect˜the˜horizon“talŽ¡‘Gspacing–/¾is“that‘/¿bšMÞecause“they“form“a“group,‘Rthe“enclosed“subform²!ula“will“b˜e‘/¿t²!yp˜eset“at“itsŽ¡‘Gnatural–¦fwidth,“with“no“stretcš²!hing“or“shrinking“to“mak˜e“the“line“ t“bMÞetter.ަ‘!GT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¯scales“the“delimiters“according“to“the‘¯heighš²!t“and“depth“of“the“enclosed“form˜ula.Ž¡‘GHere–¦fLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“groš²!ws“the“brac˜k˜ets“to“extend“the“full“heigh˜t“of“the“in˜tegral.ŽŸP‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\left[–¿ª\int_{x=r_0}^{\infty}“-G\frac{Mm}{r^2}\,“dr“\right]Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ަ‘!GáMan²!ual–·Êsizing“is‘·Éoften“bšMÞetter.‘ F‘ÿeor“instance,‘¼"although“b˜elo²!w“the“rule“has‘·Éno“depth,‘¼#T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Gwill–¦fcreate“delimiters“that“extend“far“bMÞelo²!w“the“rule.ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\left(–¿ª\rule{1pt}{1cm}“\right)Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ަ‘GáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–R‚can›Rƒc²!hoMÞose“delimiters“that˜are“toMÞo“small,‘cJas“in“â\(–¦f\left|“|x|+|y|“\right|“\)á.‘ÁçIt‘R‚canŽ¡‘Galso–¦fc²!hošMÞose“delimiters“that“are“to˜o“large,“as“here.ŽŽŒ‹§ "ŒŸò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w167ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}ޤ 33‘:xð\left(–¿ª\sum_{0\leq“ibMÞet•²!w“een˜a–M=preceding˜atom˜and˜the˜delimiter,‘_while˜the˜commands˜without“`âlá'˜and˜`ârá'Ž¡‘Ginsert–?some›?space“(bMÞecause˜eac²!h“delimiter“is˜set“as˜an“ordinary“v‘ÿdDariable).‘§²Compare“theseŽ¡‘Gt•²!w“o.ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{tabular}{l}Ž¡‘:xð\(\displaystyle–¿ª\sin\biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr)“\)– T\\“%‘¿ªgoodŽ¡‘:xð\(\displaystyle›¿ª\sin\bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg)– T\)‘>þ\\“%˜badŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular}ŽŽŒ‹¨ /ÜŸò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w168ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GThe–1”traditional“t•²!ypMÞographic›1“treatmen“t–1”is“on“the“ 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`âlá'“or˜`ârá'“do˜giv²!e“correct“spacing˜in“some˜circumstances,‘F-as˜with“thisŽ¡‘Glarge–¦fv²!ertical“lineަ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\int_{x=a}^b–¿ªx^2\,dx“=“\frac{1}{3}“x^3“\Big|_{x=a}^bŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ަ‘Gá(manš²!y–€authors“w˜ould“replace“â\frac“áwith‘the“â\tfrac“ácommand“from“the“âamsmath“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage),Ž¡‘Gand–¦fas“with“this“larger“slash.ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\lim_{n\to\infty}\pi(n)–¿ª\big/“(n/\log“n)“=“1Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ަ‘!GáUnlikš²!e––&the“â\left...\right“ápair“(see“Section‘–%16.2.5.1“[â\áleft“&“â\árigh˜t],‘Òpage“165),‘ÒtheŽ¡‘Gcommands–d¼here“with“`âlá'“or“`ârá'“do“not“mak²!e‘d½a“group.‘ßStrictly“spšMÞeaking“they“need“not“b˜eŽ¡‘Gmatcš²!hed–¦fso“y˜ou“can“write“something“lik˜e“this.ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\Biggl[–¿ª\pi/6“]Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ަ‘!GáThe–¦fcommands“with“`âmá'“are“for“relations,“whicš²!h“are“in“the“middle“of“form˜ulas,“as“here.ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘:xð\biggl\{–¿ªa\in“B“\biggm|“a=\sum_{0\leq“iþ&a_{0,2}–¿ª&\ldots“\\Ž¡‘:xða_{1,0}‘þ¨&\ddots‘x¸ò\\Ž¡‘:xð\vdotsŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{array}ަ‘!GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fpro²!vides“these.Ž©ó‘Gâ\cdots‘R÷áHorizon²!tal–têellipsis›tëwith“the“dots˜raised“to“the˜cen²!ter“of˜the“line,‘~Ðas“in“ê–Ó1“Ž‘;Má.‘Í_UsedŽ¡‘Kâ:as:‘ÝÝâ\(–¦fa_0\cdot“a_1\cdots“a_{n-1}“\)á.ŽŸ è‘Gâ\ddots‘R÷áDiagonal–¦fellipsis,Ÿù‘B!.ŽŽ‘„BŸü.Ž‘ ÆcŸÿ.ŽŽ‘lÉ.‘ÝÝSee“the“abMÞo•²!v“e›¦farra“y˜example˜for˜a˜usage.ަ‘Gâ\ldotsŽ¡‘G\mathellipsisŽ¡‘G\dots‘¡áEllipsis–Æon“the‘Æ~baseline,‘…é:–Ó1:“:Ž‘Ôèá.›>'Used“as:‘â\(–¦fx_0,\ldots“x_{n-1}“\)á.˜AnotherŽ¡‘Kâ:example– is“the“abMÞo•²!v“e› arra“y˜example.‘ªÁSynon“yms˜are˜â\mathellipsis˜áand˜â\dotsá.Ž¡‘Kâ:A–¦fsynonš²!ym“from“the“âamsmath“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage“is“â\hdotsá.ŽŸ“‘Kâ:Y‘ÿeou–2dcan“also“use“this‘2ecommand“outside“of“mathematical“text,‘I˜as“in“âThe‘¦fgears,Ž¡‘Kâ:brakes,–¦f\ldots{}“are“all“brokená.ŽŸ›‘Gâ\vdots‘R÷áV‘ÿeertical–¦fellipsis,Ÿø“.ޤ“.Ž¡“.ŽŽ‘±.‘ÝÝSee“the“abMÞo•²!v“e›¦farra“y˜example˜for˜a˜usage.ŽŽŒ‹© 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!½gŽŸû“éx–nìá+“éyŽŽŽ©ôb‘!GáWhen–R-yš²!ou“are“putting‘R,an“accen˜t“on“an“i“or›R,a“j,‘cthe“tradition“is“to“use˜one“without“a“dot,Ž¡‘Gâ\imath–¦fáor“âjmath“á(see“Section“16.2“[Math“sym²!bMÞols],“page“151).ŽŸÁ/‘Gëc16.5‘™OvŒÌer-–f@or“under“mathŽŽŸ33‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¿qproš²!vides“commands“for‘¿rputting“lines,–í¢braces,“and–¿qarro˜ws“o˜v˜er‘¿ror“under“math“material.ަ‘Gâ\underline{èmathâ}Ž¡‘Kâ:áUnderline›X4åmathá.–ÃÌF‘ÿeor‘X3example:‘¶Äâ\underline{x+y}á.“The˜result˜loMÞoks‘X3lik²!e:‘¶Äéx–nìá+“éyŽ‘¶ÄŸº¥‰feg'Ž‘ëá.Ž¡‘Kâ:The–Îaline“is“alw•²!a“ys‘Îbcompletely›ÎabMÞelo“w˜the˜text,‘Ø`taking˜accoun“t˜of˜descenders,‘Ø`soŽ¡‘Kâ:in–Æ­â\(\underline{y}\)›Ƭáthe“line˜is“lo•²!w“er˜than‘Æ­in˜â\(\underline{x}\)á.‘>±As˜ofŽ¡‘Kâ:appro²!ximately–.2019,‘5mthis“command›/and“others“in˜this“section“are˜robust;‘HAbMÞeforeŽ¡‘Kâ:that,–¦fthey“w²!ere“fragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŸÊ‘Kâ:The–© pac²!k‘ÿdDage“âulem“á(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/uelemá)‘© došMÞes“text“mo˜de“underliningŽ¡‘Kâ:and–V-alloš²!ws“line“breaking“as‘V,w˜ell“as“a“n˜um˜bMÞer“of“other“features.‘í1See“also“Sec-Ž¡‘Kâ:tion–Ù×19.10“[â\áhrule ll“&“â\ádot ll],›æ³page“193,˜for‘ÙÖproMÞducing“a“line“for“suc²!h“thingsŽ¡‘Kâ:as–¦fa“signature“or“placeholder.ަ‘Gâ\overline{èmathâ}Ž¡‘Kâ:áPut–w¶a“horizonš²!tal“line‘w·o˜v˜er“åmathá.‘QÍF‘ÿeor“example:‘€}â\overline{x+y}á.‘QÎThe“resultŽ¡‘Kâ:loMÞoks–oËlik²!e:‘Ÿøiž‰feg'Ÿ–béx–nìá+“éyŽŽ‘)¶á.‘Ë©This“di ers›oÊfrom“the˜accen²!t“command˜â\bar“á(see˜Section“16.4Ž¡‘Kâ:[Math–¦faccen²!ts],“page“171).ަ‘Gâ\underbrace{èmathâ}Ž¡‘Kâ:áPut–¡Sa›¡Rbrace“under˜åmathá.‘ΣF‘ÿeor“example:‘Ó¶â(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)á.Ž¡‘Kâ:The–¦fresult“loMÞoks“lik²!e:‘ÝÝ(1–nìê“á1é=á2)“+“(1é=á2ŽŽŽŸïý“½|„31_ú{z„31_ú}ŽŽŽŽ‘;êá1é=á3).ŽŸ ‘Kâ:Y‘ÿeou–¦fcan“attac²!h“text“to“the“brace“as“a“subscript“(â_á)“or“supMÞerscript“(â^á)“as“here:ŽŸÊ‘hÊâ\begin{displaymath}Ž¡‘tIã1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+Ž¡’‘5\underbrace{1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8}_{>1/2}+\cdotsŽ¡‘hÊ\end{displaymath}ŽŸË‘Kâ:áThe›V¬sup•MÞerscript‘V«app“ears˜on˜top˜of–V«the˜expression,‘fžand˜so˜can“loMÞok˜unconnectedŽ¡‘Kâ:to–¦fthe“underbrace.ަ‘Gâ\overbrace{èmathâ}Ž¡‘Kâ:áPut–¦fa“brace“o•²!v“er–¦fåmathá.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“example:Ž¡‘Kâ:â\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\)‘¦ftimes}}á.‘ A2The‘r,result–r-loMÞoks“lik²!e:ŽŸ49Ÿði‘^ék‘þ¥átimesŽŸ–cŸöœÍ‘Kâ:½z„31Ù}|„31Ù{ŽŽŸ c3‘Kâ:éx–nìá+“éx“á+“ê–Ó1“Ž‘¤;á+“éxŽŽŽŽŽ’“•Há.ަ‘Gâ\overrightarrow{èmathâ}Ž¡‘Kâ:áPut–¾ìa“righš²!t“arro˜w“o˜v˜er“åmathá.›µF‘ÿeor“example:‘j â\overrightarrow{x+y}á.˜The“resultŽ¡‘Kâ:loMÞoks‘¦flik²!e:ŸúœÍ‘ÝÝꎎ‘ D¤‘þÈŠŽŽŽ‘Z‘þÈŠŽŽŽ‘÷Ñ!ŽŽŸc3‘ÝÝéx–nìá+“éyŽŽŽŽ‘Eá.ަ‘Gâ\overleftarrow{èmathâ}Ž¡‘Kâ:áPut–—a“left“arro•²!w‘–o“v“er–—åmathá.‘pF‘ÿeor“example:‘ ?â\overleftarrow{a+b}á.‘oThe“resultŽ¡‘Kâ:loMÞoks‘¦flik²!e:ŸùeV‘ÝÝê ‘ü`‘þÈŠŽŽŽ‘Z‘þÈŠŽŽŽ‘3±ŽŽŽŽŸšª‘ÝÝéa–nìá+“ébŽŽŽŽ‘¼Ãá.ŽŽŒ‹­ fŸò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w173ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThe–¥pacš²!k‘ÿdDage“âmathtools“á(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/mathtoolsá)“adds‘¦an“o˜v˜er-“and“under-ޤ 33‘Gbrac•²!k“et,–¦fas“wš²!ell“as“some“impro˜v˜emen˜ts“on“the“braces.ŽŸÌΑGëc16.6‘™Spacing–f@in“math“mos3deŽŽŸ33‘GáWhen–’ft²!ypMÞesetting“mathematics,‘ÍfLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“puts›’gin“spacing“according“to“the˜normal“rules“forŽ¡‘Gmathematics–Æ"texts.‘=If“y•²!ou›Æ#en“ter–Æ"ây=m‘¦fx˜áthen“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜ignores“the˜space“and˜in“the˜output“theŽ¡‘Gm–¦fis“next“to“the“x,“as“éy‘o:á=‘ §émxá.Ž©»¼‘!GBut–²}LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's›²~rules“oMÞccasionally“need“t•²!w“eaking.‘#F‘ÿeor˜example,‘µƒin–²}an“in²!tegral˜the“traditionŽ¡‘Gis–ëto›êput“a“small˜extra“space“bMÞet•²!w“een˜the–ëâf(x)“áand“the˜âdxá,‘.here˜done“with“the˜â\,“ácommand:ަ‘.ùœâ\int_0^1‘¿ªf(x)\,dxަ‘!GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–}˜proš²!vides“the“commands‘}—that“follo˜w“for“use“in“math‘}—moMÞde.‘ÐCMan˜y“of“these“spacingŽ¡‘Gde nitions–¬4are›¬5expressed“in“terms˜of“the“math˜unit“åm²!uá.‘ïHIt“is˜de ned“as“1/18‘Ó7em,‘í¨whereŽ¡‘Gthe–2em›3is“tak²!en˜from“the“curren²!t˜math“sym²!bMÞols˜family“(see“Section˜14.1“[Units˜of“length],Ž¡‘Gpage–¦f140).‘ÝÝThš²!us,“a“â\thickspace“áis“something“lik˜e“5/18“times“the“width“of“a“`âMá'.ŽŸ‘Gâ\;‘3toáSynon²!ym:‘Ö°â\thickspaceá.› SNormally‘"Ïâ5.0mu–¦fplus“5.0muá.˜With‘"Ïthe‘"ÐâamsmathŽ¡‘Kâ:ápac²!k‘ÿdDage,›5or–Éas“of“the“2020-10-01“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“release,˜can“bšMÞe“used‘Êin“text“mo˜de“as“w²!ellŽ¡‘Kâ:as–¦fmath“mošMÞde;“otherwise,“in“math“mo˜de“only‘ÿe.Ž©»¼‘Gâ\negthickspaceŽ¡‘Kâ:áNormally›¼â-5.0mu–¦fplus“2.0mu“minus“4.0muá.‘ûáWith˜the˜âamsmath‘½ápac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘’or˜asŽ¡‘Kâ:of–ÖÔthe“2020-10-01“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“release,‘Xcan“bšMÞe“used“in“text‘ÖÕmo˜de“as“w²!ell“as“math“mo˜de;Ž¡‘Kâ:otherwise,–¦fin“math“moMÞde“only‘ÿe.ަ‘Gâ\:Ž¡‘G\>‘.QŸáSynon²!ym:‘H†â\medspaceá.›}ÚNormally‘Ûºâ4.0mu–¦fplus“2.0mu“minus“4.0muá.˜With‘ÛºtheŽ¡‘Kâ:âamsmath– oápac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘Þðor“as› nof“the“2020-10-01˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“release,‘Þðcan“bMÞe“used˜in“textŽ¡‘Kâ:mošMÞde–¦fas“w²!ell“as“math“mo˜de;“b˜efore“that,“in“math“mo˜de“only‘ÿe.ŽŸ»½‘Gâ\negmedspaceŽ¡‘Kâ:áNormally›¼â-4.0mu–¦fplus“2.0mu“minus“4.0muá.‘ûáWith˜the˜âamsmath‘½ápac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘’or˜asŽ¡‘Kâ:of–ÖÔthe“2020-10-01“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“release,‘Xcan“bšMÞe“used“in“text‘ÖÕmo˜de“as“w²!ell“as“math“mo˜de;Ž¡‘Kâ:bšMÞefore–¦fthat,“in“math“mo˜de“only‘ÿe.ަ‘Gâ\,‘.QŸáSynon•²!ym:‘—â\thinspaceá.‘óœNormally›ûâ3muá,‘ whic“h˜is‘ú1/6‘Ó7em.‘óœCan˜b•MÞe˜used˜in˜b“othŽ¡‘Kâ:math–jòmoMÞde›jóand“text˜moMÞde“(see“Section˜19.8“[â\áthinspace˜&“â\ánegthinspace],Ž¡‘Kâ:page‘¦f192).ŽŸww‘Kâ:This–xJspace“is“widely“used,‘´¶for“instance‘xKbMÞet•²!w“een–xJthe“function“and“the“in nitesimalŽ¡‘Kâ:in–BFan“in²!tegral›BEâ\int‘¦ff(x)\,dx“áand,‘i>if˜an“author“došMÞes“this,‘i=b˜efore“punctuationŽ¡‘Kâ:in–¦fa“displa•²!y“ed‘¦fequation.ŽŸwx‘hÊâThe–¿ªantiderivative“isŽ¡‘hÊ\begin{equation}Ž¡‘tIã3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,.Ž¡‘hÊ\end{equation}ަ‘G\!‘.QŸáSynon•²!ym:‘¼üâ\negthinspaceá.›,‹A‘Ønegativ“e–öthin‘õspace.˜Normally“â-3muá.˜With‘õtheŽ¡‘Kâ:âamsmath– oápac²!k‘ÿdDage,‘Þðor“as› nof“the“2020-10-01˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“release,‘Þðcan“bMÞe“used˜in“textŽ¡‘Kâ:moMÞde–q>as›q=w²!ell“as˜math“moMÞde;‘Ö©otherwise,‘£óthe˜â\!“ácommand˜is“math˜moMÞde“onlyŽŽŒ‹® rןò‘GáChapter–¦f16:‘ÝÝMath“form²!ulas’^w174ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Kâ:but–«Áthe›«Ââ\negthinspace“ácommand“has˜alw•²!a“ys‘«Áalso˜w“ork“ed–«Áin“text˜moMÞde“(seeޤ 33‘Kâ:Section–¦f19.8“[â\áthinspace“&“â\ánegthinspace],“page“192).ŽŸ+‘Gâ\quad‘¡áThis–½Îis“18›Ó7m²!u,‘§that“is,‘¨1˜em.‘$This“is“often“used“for“space“surrounding“equa-Ž¡‘Kâ:tions–ÜŒor›Ü‹expressions,‘êfor“instance˜for“the˜space“bMÞet•²!w“een˜t“w“o–ÜŒequations˜inside“aŽ¡‘Kâ:âdisplaymath›¦fáen•²!vironmen“t.‘ÝÝIt˜is˜a“v‘ÿdDailable˜in˜b•MÞoth˜text˜and˜math˜mo“de.ŽŸ+‘Gâ\qquad‘R÷áA‘‘‰length–‘Åof“2“quads,‘Ìthat“is,‘Ìœ36›Ó7m²!u‘‘Æ=“2˜em.‘ŸúIt“is“a²!v‘ÿdDailable‘‘Æin“bMÞoth“text“andŽ¡‘Kâ:math‘¦fmoMÞde.ŽŸ÷ë‘Gëm16.6.1‘d(ëp\smashŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:Ž©/(‘.ùœâ\smash{èsubformulaâ}ޤ/)‘!GáT•²!ypMÞeset›¦fåsubform“ula˜áas˜if˜its˜heigh“t˜and˜depth˜w“ere˜zero.Ž¡‘!GIn–Éthis“example›Éthe“expMÞonen²!tial“is“so˜tall“that“without“the“â\smash˜ácommand“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“w²!ouldޤ 33‘Gseparate–¦fits“line“from“the“line“abMÞo•²!v“e–¦fit,“and“the“unevš²!en“line“spacing“migh˜t“bMÞe“unsigh˜tly‘ÿe.ަ‘.ùœâTo–¿ªcompute“the“tetration“$\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,Ž¡‘.ùœevaluate–¿ªfrom“the“top“down,“as“$2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$.Ž©/)‘!Gá(Because–søof›s÷the“â\smash˜áthe“prin²!ted˜expression“could˜run“in²!to˜the“line˜abMÞo•²!v“e‘søso˜y“ou‘søma“yŽ¡‘Gw•²!an“t–¦fto“wš²!ait“un˜til“the“ nal“v˜ersion“of“the“doMÞcumen˜t“to“mak˜e“suc˜h“adjustmen˜ts.)ަ‘!GThis–õpictures›ôthe“e ect“of“â\smash˜áb²!y“using“â\fbox“áto˜surround“the“bMÞo²!x“that˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“willŽ¡‘Gput–T_on“the›T^line.‘†The“â\blackbar“ácommand˜mak²!es“a“bar“extending“from“10˜pšMÞoin²!ts“b˜elo²!w“theŽ¡‘Gbaseline–¦fto“20“pšMÞoin²!ts“ab˜o•²!v“e.ŽŸ/(‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\fbox{\blackbar}Ž¡‘.ùœ\fbox{\smash{\blackbar}}ަ‘!GáThe–Cë rst“bšMÞo²!x“that“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“places“is“20“p˜oin²!ts‘Cìhigh“and“10“p˜oin²!ts“deep.‘¶lBut“the“secondŽ¡‘GbMÞoš²!x–²ƒis“treated“b˜y‘²‚LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“as“ha˜ving“zero“heigh˜t“and“zero–²‚depth,‘µ‹despite“that–²ƒthe“ink“prin˜tedŽ¡‘Gon–¦fthe“page“still“extends“wš²!ell“abMÞo˜v˜e“and“bMÞelo˜w“the“line.ŽŸ/(‘!GThe–éâ\smash›èácommand“appMÞears˜often“in˜mathematics“to˜adjust“the˜size“of˜an“elemen²!tŽ¡‘Gthat–`[the‘>ZroMÞot,‘dXi.e.,‘dWen“ter˜the˜cub•MÞe‘>Zro“ot˜of–>Zâx+y˜áas˜â\sqrt[3]{x+y}á.‘¥»It“comes˜out“lik²!e˜this:Ž¡‘GŸüž‘ó†›Zcmr5°3Ž‘cŸø]gêpŽ‘ƒŸø]g‰p g'Ÿ¢™éx–nìá+“éyŽŽŽŽ‘1êAá.‘GThe–áÞsize›áßof“the˜radical“gro²!ws˜with“that˜of“åarg‘Ñ÷á(as“the˜heigh²!t“of˜the“radical˜gro²!ws,Ž¡‘Gthe–¦fangle“on“the“leftmost“part“gets“steepMÞer,“unš²!til“for“a“tall“enough“âargá,“it“is“v˜ertical).ަ‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B 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33‘Gto–¦fmathematical“text;“for“these“see“Section“16.6“[Spacing“in“math“moMÞde],“page“173.ŽŸÊ^‘Gëc19.1‘™ëg\enspace–f@ëc&“ëg\quad“ëc&“ëg\qquadŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ŽŸa‘.ùœâ\enspaceŽ¡‘.ùœ\quadŽ¡‘.ùœ\qquadŽ©b‘!GáInsert–¯êa›¯ëhorizon²!tal“space“of˜1/2–Ó7em,‘²K1“em,‘²Lor›¯ê2“em.‘újThe˜em–¯ëis˜a“length˜de ned˜b²!y“a˜fon²!tŽ¡‘Gdesigner,‘þxoften–ìÚthough²!t›ìÛof“as˜bMÞeing˜the“width˜of“a˜capital˜M.“One˜adv‘ÿdDan²!tage“of˜describingŽ¡‘Gspace–‘0in›‘/ems“is˜that“it“can˜bMÞe“more˜pšMÞortable“across“do˜cumen²!ts›‘/than“an˜absolute“measuremen²!tŽ¡‘Gsucš²!h–¦fas“pMÞoin˜ts“(see“[Lengths/em],“page“141).ަ‘!GThis–¦fputs“a“suitable“gap“bMÞet•²!w“een›¦ft“w“o˜graphics.ŽŸa‘.ùœâ\begin{center}Ž¡‘:xð\includegraphics{womensmile.png}%Ž¡‘:xð\qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ަ‘GáSee–£Section“16.6“[Spacing“in“math“moMÞde],‘z2page“173,‘z1for“â\quad“áand“â\qquadá.‘ @”These“areŽ¡‘Glengths–ufrom“cenš²!turies“of‘vt˜ypMÞesetting“and“so“ma˜y“bšMÞe“a“b˜etter‘vcš²!hoice“in“man˜y“circumstancesŽ¡‘Gthan–¦farbitrary“lengths,“sucš²!h“as“y˜ou“get“with“â\hspaceá.ŽŸÊ]‘Gëc19.2‘™ëg\hspaceŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\hspace{èlengthâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\hspace*{èlengthâ}ަ‘!GáInsert–ßthe‘Þamounš²!t“ålength“áof“horizon˜tal–Þspace.‘>HThe“ålength–ßácan“bšMÞe“p˜ositiv•²!e,‘9þcomment–¿ªkeeps“out“extra“spaceŽ¡‘:xð\hspace{1cm–¿ªminus“0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}%Ž¡‘:xð\hspace{1cm–¿ªminus“0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ަ‘GáBecause–`¿the›`Àargumen²!t“to˜eac²!h“â\hspace˜áhas“âminus‘¦f0.25cmá,‘Ueac²!h˜can“shrink˜a“little˜if“theŽ¡‘Gthree–sÞ gures“are“toMÞo“wide.‘ÍBut“eacš²!h“space‘sßw˜on't“shrink“more“than“0.25‘Ó7cm“(see“Chapter“14Ž¡‘G[Lengths],–¦fpage“139).ŽŸ(‘Gëc19.3‘™ëg\hfillŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\hfillŽŸ£4‘!GáProšMÞduce–-«a“rubb˜er“length“whicš²!h“has“no‘-¬natural“space“but“that“can“stretc˜h“horizon˜tallyŽ¡‘Gas–¦ffar“as“needed“(see“Chapter“14“[Lengths],“page“139).ަ‘!GThis–rVcreates“a›rUone-line“paragraph“with“`âName:á'“on˜the“left“side“of“the˜page“and“`âQuizŽ¡‘GOneá'–¦fon“the“righ²!t.ŽŸ£4‘.ùœâ\noindent–¿ªName:\hfill“Quiz“Oneަ‘!GáThe–w?â\hfill“ácommand“is›w@equiv‘ÿdDalen²!t“to“â\hspace{\fill}“áand“so“the˜space“can“bMÞe“discardedŽ¡‘Gat– line“breaks.‘2‹T‘ÿeo“a•²!v“oid– that“instead“use“â\hspace*{\fill}“á(see“Section“19.2“[â\áhspace],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f186).ŽŸ£4‘!GHere–¦fthe“graphs“are“ev²!enly“spaced“in“the“middle“of“the“ gure.ަ‘.ùœâ\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{figure}Ž¡‘:xð\hspace*{\fill}%Ž¡‘:xð\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph0.png}}%Ž¡‘EøD\hfill\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph1.png}}%Ž¡‘:xð\hspace*{\fill}%Ž¡‘:xð\caption{Comparison–¿ªof“two“graphs}“\label{fig:twographs}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{figure}ަ‘GáNote–¦fthe“â\hspace*á's“where“the“space“could“otherwise“bšMÞe“dropp˜ed.ŽŸ(‘Gëc19.4‘™ëg\hssŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸ£4‘.ùœâ\hssަ‘!GáProMÞduce–"áa“horizonš²!tal“space‘"àthat“is“in nitely“shrink‘ÿdDable“as“w˜ell‘"àas“in nitely“stretc˜hableŽ¡‘G(this–ñÀcommand›ñÁis“a˜T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X“primitiv²!e).‘¿íLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“authors›ñÁshould“reac²!h˜ rst“for˜the“â\makeboxŽ¡‘Gácommand–¦fto“get“the“e ects“of“â\hss“á(see“Section“20.1“[â\ám•²!bšMÞo“x–¦f&“â\ámak•²!eb˜o“x],–¦fpage“199).ŽŽŒ‹¼ ÑŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f19:‘ÝÝSpaces’DU188ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GHere,‘öithe–æh rst“line's“â\hss“ámakš²!es“the“Z‘æXstic˜k“out‘æito“the“righ˜t,‘öho˜v˜erwriting‘æithe“Y.“In“theޤ 33‘Gsecond–¦fline“the“Z“sticš²!ks“out“to“the“left,“o˜v˜erwriting“the“X.ŽŸIv‘.ùœâX\hbox–¿ªto“0pt{Z\hss}YŽ¡‘.ùœX\hbox–¿ªto“0pt{\hss“Z}YŽ©Iw‘GáWithout–çWthe“â\hss“áyš²!ou‘çXget“something“lik˜e“`âOverfull–¦f\hbox“(6.11111pt“too“wide)Ž¡‘Gdetected–¦fat“line“20á'.ŽŸ!e‘Gëc19.5‘™ëg\spacefactorŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\spacefactor=èintegerŽŸIv‘!GáIn uence–µLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's›¶stretc²!hing“and˜shrinking“of“glue.‘«øF‘ÿeew“user-lev•²!el˜doMÞcumen“ts–µneed˜to“useŽ¡‘Gthis.ަ‘!GWhile–&žLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“is“laš²!ying“out‘&Ÿthe“material,‘@,it“ma˜y“stretc˜h“or‘&Ÿshrink“the“gaps“bMÞet˜w˜een“w˜ords.Ž¡‘G(This–Vspace“is“not“a“cš²!haracter;‘­Íit“is“called“the“åin˜terw˜ord“glue‘á;‘­Ísee“Section“19.2“[â\áhspace],Ž¡‘Gpage–²*186).‘*The“â\spacefactor“áparameter‘²+(a“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“primitivš²!e)“allo˜ws‘²+y˜ou“to,‘õfor“instance,Ž¡‘Gha•²!v“e–¦fthe“space“after“a“p•MÞerio“d–¦fstretcš²!h“more“than“the“space“after“a“w˜ord-ending“letter.ŽŸIv‘!GAfter–;«LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›;ªplaces“eac•²!h˜c“haracter,‘`üor–;«rule˜or“other˜bMÞo²!x,‘`üit“sets˜a“parameter˜called“theŽ¡‘Gåspace–ùfactorá.‘ÖIf›ùthe“next“thing“in“the“input“is“a“space˜then“this“parameter“a ects“ho²!wŽ¡‘Gm•²!uc“h›x)stretc“hing–x(or˜shrinking“can˜happMÞen.‘S$A‘wóspace˜factor“that˜is“larger˜than“the˜normalŽ¡‘Gv‘ÿdDalue–Õmeans“that“the“glue“can“stretc²!h‘Ömore“and“shrink“less.‘ö*Normally‘ÿe,‘1the“space“factor“isŽ¡‘G1000.‘؆This––bv‘ÿdDalue“is‘–cin“e ect“folloš²!wing“most“c˜haracters,‘™–and“an˜y“non-c˜haracter“bMÞo˜x“or“mathŽ¡‘Gform²!ula.‘$But–7)it›7(is“3000˜after“a˜p•MÞerio“d,–[Yexclamation˜mark,“or‘7)question˜mark,“2000‘7)after˜aŽ¡‘Gcolon,›õ 1500–Éoafter“a“semicolon,˜1250“after‘Éna“comma,˜and“0“after“a“righ•²!t‘Énparen“thesis–Éoor“brac•²!k“et,Ž¡‘Gor–¦fclosing“double“quote“or“single“quote.‘ÝÝFinally‘ÿe,“it“is“999“after“a“capital“letter.ަ‘!GIf–Ìÿthe“space“factor“åf‘ëyáis“1000“then“the“glue“gap“will“bMÞe‘Ìþthe“fon²!t's“normal“space“v‘ÿdDalueŽ¡‘G(for–bJComputer›bKMoMÞdern“Roman˜10“pMÞoin²!t˜this“is˜3.3333‘Ó7pt).‘ŠOtherwise,‘‘Dif“the˜space“factorŽ¡‘Gåf‘-éáis–ngreater“than›o2000“then“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“adds“the“fon²!t's“extra“space˜v‘ÿdDalue“(for“Computer“MoMÞdernŽ¡‘GRoman–ø>10“pMÞoinš²!t“this“is“1.11111‘Ó7pt),‘and“then“the“fon˜t's“normal“stretc˜h“v‘ÿdDalue“is“m˜ultiplied“b˜yŽ¡‘Géf‘-¼=á1000–)Íand“the“normal“shrink“v‘ÿdDalue“is‘)Îmš²!ultiplied“b˜y“1000é=f‘W‰á(for“Computer“MoMÞdern“RomanŽ¡‘G10–¦fpMÞoin²!t“these“are“1.66666“and“1.11111‘Ó7pt).ŽŸIv‘!GF‘ÿeor–ÿ3example,‘fconsider“the“p•MÞerio“d–ÿ3ending“`âA–¦fman s“best“friend“is“his“dog.á'.‘èDAfter‘ÿ3it,Ž¡‘GT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–33puts“in“a“ xed“extra“space,‘Vfand“also“alloš²!ws“the“glue“to“stretc˜h“3“times“as“m˜uc˜h“andŽ¡‘Gshrink–µ1/3“as›µŽm•²!uc“h,‘¹Was–µthe“glue“after“âfriend˜áor“anš²!y“of“the“other“w˜ords,‘¹Wsince‘µŽthey“are“notŽ¡‘Gfollo•²!w“ed›¦fb“y˜punctuation.ަ‘!GThe–X2rules“for“space“factors“are“evš²!en‘X3more“complex“bMÞecause“they“pla˜y“additional“roles.Ž¡‘GIn–ÅŠpractice,›ÍSthere‘Å‹are“t•²!w“o–ÅŠconsequences.‘;JFirst,˜if“a“p•MÞerio“d–ÅŠor“other‘Å‹punctuation“is“follo•²!w“edŽ¡‘Gb•²!y›µ?a‘µ@righ“t˜paren“thesis˜or›µ@brac“k“et,‘¸õor˜righ“t–µ?single˜or“double“quote˜then“the“spacing˜e ect“ofŽ¡‘Gthat›sp•MÞerio“d˜carries‘rthrough˜those˜c•²!haracters˜(that˜is,‘’pthe˜follo“wing˜glue‘rwill˜ha“v“e˜increasedŽ¡‘Gstretc²!h–eand›fshrink).‘hÛSecond,‘µ¥if“punctuation“comes˜after“a˜capital“letter“then˜the“normalŽ¡‘Ge ect–\Œof“the›\p•MÞerio“d–\Œis“doMÞes“not˜happMÞen,‘kQso“y²!ou“get˜an“ordinary“space.‘Å?This˜second“case“alsoŽ¡‘Ga ects–{Æabbreviations›{Çthat“do˜not“end“in˜a“capital“letter˜(see“Section˜19.5.1“[â\á@],‘„Mpage“189).ŽŸIv‘!GY‘ÿeou–Ý—can“only“use“â\spacefactor“áin“paragraph“mošMÞde“or“LR‘Ýmo˜de“(see“Chapter“17Ž¡‘G[MoMÞdes],‘ Iâpage–)1179).‘f>Y‘ÿeou‘)0can“see“the“curren²!t“v‘ÿdDalue“with“â\the\spacefactor“áorŽ¡‘Gâ\showthe\spacefactorá.ŽŽŒ‹½ ~Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f19:‘ÝÝSpaces’DU189ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GFinally‘ÿe,‘ ¯not›÷nespMÞecially–÷mrelated“to˜â\spacefactor“áitself:‘ìif“y²!ou˜get“errors˜lik²!e“`âYou‘¦fcan tޤ 33‘Guse–¦f\spacefactor “in“vertical“modeá',‘ ½†or‘ ¸é`âYou“can t“use“\spacefactor “in“mathŽ¡‘Gmode.á',‘or–`âImproper‘¦f\spacefactorá'“then‘yš²!ou“ha˜v˜e“probably›tried“to“rede ne˜an“in²!ternalŽ¡‘Gcommand.‘ÝÝSee–¦fSection“12.3“[â\ámakš²!eatletter“&“â\ámak˜eatother],“page“116.ŽŸ“”‘Gëm19.5.1‘d(ëp\@ŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸüþ‘.ùœècapital-letterâ\@.Ž©üý‘!GáT‘ÿereat–la›kfollo²!wing“p•MÞerio“d˜(or–lother“punctuation)˜as“sen²!tence-ending.‘<îBy˜default,‘8­LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Gthinks–‰œthat›‰›a“p•MÞerio“d˜ends–‰œan“abbreviation˜if“the˜p•MÞerio“d–‰œcomes“after˜a“capital˜letter,‘ÂiandŽ¡‘Gotherwise–¦fthinks“the“p•MÞerio“d–¦fends“the“sen²!tence.ަ‘!GThis–¦fexample“shoš²!ws“the“t˜w˜o“cases“to“remem˜bMÞer.ަ‘.ùœâThe–¿ªsongs“\textit{Red“Guitar},“etc.\“are“by“Loudon“Wainwright~III\@.ŽŸüþ‘GáThe›9É rst‘9Êp•MÞerio“d˜ends˜the˜abbreviation–9Ê`âetc.á'˜but˜not“the˜sen•²!tence.‘˜The˜bac“kslash-space,Ž¡‘Gâ\‘¦fá,‘7sprošMÞduces–qa“mid-sen²!tence“space.‘9ýThe“second“p˜erio˜d‘pends“the“sen²!tence,‘7sdespite“it“b˜eingŽ¡‘Gpreceded–ãb²!y›ãa“capital˜letter.‘“ìW‘ÿee˜tell“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“that˜it“ends˜the“sen•²!tence˜b“y–ãputting˜â\@“ábMÞeforeŽ¡‘Git.ަ‘!GSo:‘Ê{if›¡y•²!ou‘ ha“v“e˜a˜capital˜letter˜follo“w“ed˜b“y˜a˜p•MÞerio“d˜that˜ends˜the˜sen²!tence,‘‡bthen˜put˜â\@Ž¡‘GábšMÞefore–Rthe“p˜erio˜d.‘ÁÃThis“holds“evš²!en“if“there“is“an“in˜terv˜ening“righ˜t“paren˜thesis“or“brac˜k˜et,‘bõorŽ¡‘Grigh²!t–] single›] or“double“quote,‘k¶bMÞecause˜the“spacing“e ect˜of“that“p•MÞerio“d–] carries˜through“thoseŽ¡‘Gc²!haracters.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor–¦fexample,“thisަ‘.ùœâUse–¿ªthe“\textit{Instructional“Practices“Guide},Ž¡‘.ùœ(a–¿ªbook“by“the“MAA)\@.ަ‘Gáwill›¦fha•²!v“e˜correct˜in“ter-sen“tence˜spacing˜after˜the˜p•MÞerio“d.ŽŸüþ‘!GThe–Ï›â\@“ácommand“is“only“for“text“mošMÞdes.‘Y|If“y²!ou“use“it“outside“of“a“text“mo˜de“then“y²!ouŽ¡‘Gget–Úêthe›Úëerror“`âYou–¦fcan t“use“\spacefactor “in“vertical“modeá'˜(see–ÚêChapter˜17“[MoMÞdes],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f179).ަ‘!GAll–$¹the“abMÞo•²!v“e›$ºapplies–$¹equally“to“question“marks˜and“exclamation“pšMÞoin²!ts“as“p˜erio˜ds,‘>©sinceŽ¡‘Gall–ô#are“sen²!tence-ending›ô"punctuation,‘’and“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“increases˜the“space“after“eac²!h˜in“the“sameŽ¡‘Gw•²!a“y‘ÿe,‘˜5when–gØthey“end“a›gÙsen²!tence.‘"4LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“also“increases“spacing˜after“colon,‘˜4semicolon,‘˜5andŽ¡‘Gcomma–¦fc²!haracters“(see“Section“19.5“[â\áspacefactor],“page“188).ަ‘!GIn–Øconš²!trast:‘¼Âthe“con˜v˜erse“case“is“a›Ùp•MÞerio“d–Ø(or“other“punctuation)“that˜doMÞes“not“endŽ¡‘Ga–3‘senš²!tence.‘…_F‘ÿeor“that“case,‘VÜfollo˜w“the‘3’p•MÞerio“d–3‘with“a“bac˜kslash-space,–VÜ(â\‘¦fá),“or–3‘a“tie,–VÜ(â~á),“orŽ¡‘Gâ\@á.‘¤*Examples–ùLare“âNat.\–¦fAcad.\“Scienceá,–ëand‘ùMâMr.~Beaná,“and‘ùLâ(manure,–¦fetc.\@)“for“saleŽ¡‘Gá(note–Zyin“the›Zzlast“one“that“the“â\@“ácomes˜after“the“p•MÞerio“d–Zybut“bMÞefore˜the“closing“paren²!thesis).ŽŸ“•‘Gëm19.5.2‘d(ëp\frenchspacing–íMëm&“ëp\nonfrenchspacingŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\frenchspacingŽ¡‘.ùœ\nonfrenchspacingަ‘!G\frenchspacing–cÈácauses“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“to“mak²!e“spacing“after“all“punctuation,‘qincluding“p•MÞerio“ds,Ž¡‘GbMÞe–ÎRthe›ÎQsame“as“the˜space“bMÞet•²!w“een˜w“ords–ÎRin“the˜middle“of“a˜sen²!tence.‘U â\nonfrenchspacingŽ¡‘Gáswitc•²!hes›‰ bac“k–‰ to˜the˜default“handling˜in˜whic²!h˜spacing“after˜most˜punctuation“stretc²!hes˜orŽ¡‘Gshrinks–¦fdi erenš²!tly“than“a“w˜ord“space“(see“Section“19.5“[â\áspacefactor],“page“188).ŽŽŒ‹¾ 0ˆŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f19:‘ÝÝSpaces’DU190ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GIn–American›English,‘rthe“t²!ypMÞesetting“tradition˜is“to˜adjust,›rt²!ypically“increasing,˜theޤ 33‘Gspace–¢®after“punctuation“more“than“the“space“bMÞet•²!w“een‘¢¯w“ords–¢®that“are“in“the“middle“of“aŽ¡‘Gsenš²!tence.‘3”Declaring–Âøâ\frenchspacing“á(the“command“is“inherited‘Âùfrom“plain“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X)“switc˜hesŽ¡‘Gto–¦fthe“tradition“that“all“spaces“are“treated“equally‘ÿe.Ž©Áš‘!GIf–òJyš²!our‘òKLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞcumen˜t“spšMÞeci es‘òKthe“language“b˜eing“used,‘Dfor“example“with‘òKthe“âbabelŽ¡‘Gápacš²!k‘ÿdDage,–¦fthe“necessary“settings“should“bMÞe“tak˜en“care“of“for“y˜ou.ŽŸΑGëm19.5.3‘d(ëp\normalsfcodesŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸÁ™‘.ùœâ\normalsfcodesަ‘!GáReset–NÛthe›NÜLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“space“factors“to˜the“default“v‘ÿdDalues“(see˜Section“19.5“[â\áspacefactor],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f188).ŽŸΑGëc19.6‘™BacŒÌkslash-space,‘f@ëg\ŽŽŸ33‘GáThis–¯#section›¯"refers“to“the“command˜consisting“of“t•²!w“o˜c“haracters,‘±Ra›¯#bac“kslash˜follo“w“ed‘¯"b“y˜aŽ¡‘Gspace.‘ÝÝSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\ަ‘!GáProMÞduce›)êa–)ëspace.‘´^By“default˜it˜proMÞduces“white˜space“of˜length˜3.33333‘Ó7pt“plus˜1.66666‘Ó7ptŽ¡‘Gmin²!us‘¦f1.11111‘Ó7pt.ަ‘!GWhen– 4yš²!ou“t˜ypšMÞe“one‘ 5or“more“blanks“b˜et•²!w“een‘ 4w“ords,‘!çLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X‘ 5pro˜duces– 4whitespace“that“isŽ¡‘Gdi eren²!t–¦fthan“an“explicit“space.‘ÝÝThis“illustrates:ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{tabular}{rl}Ž¡‘.ùœOne–¿ªblank:&“makes“some“space“\\Ž¡‘.ùœThree–¿ªblanks:&‘>þin“a“row“\\Ž¡‘.ùœThree–¿ªspaces:&\“\“\“in“a“row“\\Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular}ŽŸÁ™‘GáOn–mÐthe“ rst›mÏline“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“puts“some˜space“after“the“colon.‘ËOn“the“second˜line“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“collapsesŽ¡‘Gthe–ž‚three›žblanks“to˜output“one˜whitespace,‘ so“y²!ou˜end“with˜the“same˜space“after˜the“colonŽ¡‘Gas–ïzin›ï{the“ rst˜line.‘¹LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“w²!ould˜similarly“collapse“them˜to“a“single˜whitespace“if˜one,‘¿t•²!w“oŽ¡‘Gor–UKall›ULof“the˜three“blanks“w²!ere˜replaced“b²!y˜a“tab,‘or“b²!y“a˜newline.‘êHo•²!w“ev“er,‘the‘UKbMÞottomŽ¡‘Gline–TÚasks“for“three“spaces“so›TÛthe“white“area“is“wider.‘®That˜is,‘e)the“bac²!kslash-space“commandŽ¡‘Gcreates–a“ xed“amounš²!t“of“horizon˜tal“space.‘Ö(Note‘ that“y˜ou“can“de ne“a“horizon˜tal“space“ofŽ¡‘Gan²!y–¦fwidth“at“all“with“â\hspaceá;“see“Section“19.2“[â\áhspace],“page“186.)ަ‘!GThe–½Tbacš²!kslash-space“command“has“t˜w˜o“main“uses.‘-It“is“often“used“after“con˜trol“sequencesŽ¡‘Gto–gÃk²!eep›gÂthem“from˜gobbling“the˜blank“that˜follo²!ws,‘˜as˜after“â\TeX˜áin“â\TeX\–¦f(or“\LaTeX)á.Ž¡‘G(But–Ò„using“curly“braces‘Òƒhas“the“adv‘ÿdDanš²!tage“of“still“w˜orking“whether“the‘Òƒnext“c˜haracter“is“aŽ¡‘Gblank–~ëor›~ìan²!y“other“non-letter,‘†Ñas“in“â\TeX{}–¦f(or“\LaTeX{})–~ëáin˜whic²!h“â{}“ácan“bMÞe˜added“afterŽ¡‘Gâ\LaTeX–çùáas›çúw²!ell“as˜after“â\TeXá.)‘¢˜The“other˜common“use˜is“that˜it“marks˜a“p•MÞerio“d˜as‘çùendingŽ¡‘Gan–(üabbreviation›(ûinstead“of˜ending“a“sen²!tence,‘Bas˜in“âProf.\‘¦fSmith˜áor“âJones–¦fet“al.\“(1993)Ž¡‘Gá(see–¦fSection“19.5.1“[â\á@],“page“189).ަ‘!GUnder–¦fnormal“circumstances,“â\TAB“áand“â\NEWLINE“áare“equiv‘ÿdDalenš²!t“to“bac˜kslash-space,“â\“á.ަ‘!GIn– order“to“alloš²!w‘ source“coMÞde“inden˜tation,‘\±under“normal“circumstances,‘\²T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“ignoresŽ¡‘Gleading–¦fblanks“in“a“line.‘ÝÝSo“the“folloš²!wing“prin˜ts“`âone“wordá':ަ‘.ùœâoneŽŽŒ‹¿ ?óŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f19:‘ÝÝSpaces’DU191ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘4¹Fâwordޤ;¼‘Gáwhere–lthe“white“space“bšMÞet•²!w“een–l`âoneá'“and“`âwordá'“is“pro˜duced‘lb²!y“the“newline“after“`âoneá',‘w¯notŽ© 33‘Gb²!y–¦fthe“space“bMÞefore“`âwordá'.ŽŸ‘Gëc19.7‘™ëg~ëc,‘f@ëg\nobreakspaceŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœèbeforeâ~èafterŽ¡‘!GáThe›Gåtie‘¶Nác²!haracter,–5ÿâ~á,“pro•MÞduces˜a˜space˜b“et•²!w“een˜åbMÞefore‘¶Máand˜åafter‘âpáat˜whic“h˜the˜line˜willަ‘Gnot–îxbMÞe›îwbrok²!en.‘¶By“default˜the“white˜space“has“length˜3.33333‘Ó7pt“plus˜1.66666‘Ó7pt“min²!usަ‘G1.11111‘Ó7pt–s(see“Chapter“14“[Lengths],‘¦Èpage“139).‘E.The“command“â\nobreakspace“áand“theަ‘GUnicoMÞde–¦finput“cš²!haracter“Uâ+á00A0“(also“in“man˜y“8-bit“encoMÞdings)“are“synon˜yms.Ž¡‘!GNote–îþthat›îýthe“w²!ord˜`âtieá'“has˜this“meaning˜in“the“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X/T‘ÿeexinfo˜comm•²!unit“y;‘Ithis‘îþdi ersަ‘Gfrom–õ&the“tš²!ypMÞographic‘õ'term“\tie",‘Öwhic˜h“is›õ'a“diacritic“in“the˜shapMÞe“of“an“arc,‘×called“a“\tie-ަ‘Gafter"–¦faccen²!t“in“åThe“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B Xb•MÞo“oká.Ž¡‘!GHere–¦fLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“not“break“the“line“bMÞet•²!w“een–¦fthe“ nal“t•²!w“o‘¦fw“ords:Ž¡‘.ùœâThanks–¿ªto“Prof.~Lerman.Ž¡‘GáIn–`Iaddition,›ŽÂdespite‘`Jthe“p•MÞerio“d,˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›`Ido“es–`Jnot˜use˜the“end-of-sen²!tence˜spacing“(see˜Sec-ަ‘Gtion–¦f19.5.1“[â\á@],“page“189).Ž¡‘!GTies›÷prev•²!en“t–÷a˜line“break˜where˜that“could˜cause“confusion.‘£nThey“also˜still“allo•²!w˜h“yphen-ަ‘Gation– ï(of“either“of“the“tied“wš²!ords),‘$so“they“are“generally“preferable“to“putting“consecutiv˜eަ‘Gwš²!ords–¦fin“an“â\mbox“á(see“Section“20.1“[â\ám˜bMÞo˜x“&“â\ámak˜ebMÞo˜x],“page“199).Ž¡‘!GExactly–‹where›‹žties“should“bMÞe˜used“is“something˜of“a“matter˜of“taste,‘Ä,sometimes“alarminglyަ‘Gdogmatic–:taste,›Other“common“c²!hoices“here“are‘u‡a“thin“spaceަ‘'¿«(see–¦fSection“19.8“[â\áthinspace“&“â\ánegthinspace],“page“192)“and“no“space“at“all.Ž¡‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áWhen– {Smathematical› {Rphrases“are˜rendered“in“w²!ords:‘‡¶âequals~$n$á,‘ ð‹or“âlessަ‘'¿«than~$\epsilon$á,–‘—or›Œdâgiven~$X$á,“or˜âmodulo~$p^e$–¦ffor“all“large~$n$‘Œcá(but˜compareަ‘'¿«âis~$15$–%áwith“âis–¦f$15$~times“the“heightá).‘ZBet•²!w“een›%mathematical‘%sym“bMÞols˜inަ‘'¿«appMÞosition–k4with“nouns:‘ gyâdimension~$d$‘k3áor“âfunction~$f(x)$“á(but“compare“âwithަ‘'¿«length–¦f$l$~or“moreá).‘ Ý©When–Qa›Pÿsym²!bMÞol“is˜a“tigh²!tly˜bMÞound“ob‘›»ject˜of“a˜prepMÞosition:ަ‘'¿«âof~$x$á,–¦for“âfrom“$0$“to~$1$á,“or“âin“common“with~$m$á.Ž¡‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áBet•²!w“een›¦fsym“bMÞols˜in˜series:‘ÝÝâ$1$,~$2$,˜or~$3$˜áor˜â$1$,~$2$,˜\ldots,~$n$á.Ž¡‘ ØêŽ‘'¿«áBet•²!w“een–Ça›ÆpMÞerson's“giv²!en“names˜and“bMÞet•²!w“een‘Çm“ultiple˜surnames:‘šŽâDonald~E.‘¦fKnuthá,‘:³orަ‘'¿«âLuis~I.‘¦fTrabb~Pardoá,‘DFor‘$´âCharles~XIIá|but–$³yš²!ou“m˜ust‘$´giv˜e“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“places“to‘$´break“theަ‘'¿«line–¦fso“yš²!ou“migh˜t“do“âCharles“Louis“Xavier~Joseph“de~la“Vall\ ee~Poussiná.ŽŽŒ‹À NNŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f19:‘ÝÝSpaces’DU192ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëc19.8‘™ëg\thinspace–f@ëc&“ëg\negthinspaceŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:Ž©§Ó‘.ùœâ\thinspaceޤ 33‘.ùœ\negthinspaceŽŸ§Ò‘!GáThese–¿ proMÞduce›¿ un²!break‘ÿdDable“and˜unstretc²!hable“spaces“of˜1/6‘Ó7em“and˜-1/6‘Ó7em,‘íRrespMÞectiv²!ely‘ÿe.Ž¡‘GThese–jTare“the“text“mošMÞde“equiv‘ÿdDalen²!ts“of“â\,“áand“â\!“á(see“[Spacing“in“math“mo˜de/â\áthinspace],Ž¡‘Gpage‘¦f173).ަ‘!GY‘ÿeou–¦fcan“use“â\,“áas“a“synon²!ym“for“â\thinspace“áin“text“moMÞde.ަ‘!GOne–¦fcommon“use“of“â\thinspace“áis“as“the“space“bMÞet•²!w“een–¦fnested“quotes:ަ‘.ùœâKillick–¿ªreplied,“I“heard“the“Captain“say,“Ahoy“there. \thinspace ŽŸ§Ò‘GáAnother–;Puse›;Ois“that“some˜st²!yle“guides“call˜for“a“â\thinspace˜ábMÞet•²!w“een–;Pan“ellipsis˜and“aŽ¡‘Gsen²!tence›İending‘ıp•MÞerio“d˜(other–ıst²!yle˜guides,‘ñÕthink˜the“three˜dots˜and/or“four˜dots“are˜plen•²!t“y).Ž¡‘GAnother–¦fst²!yle-spšMÞeci c“use“is“b˜et•²!w“een–¦finitials,“as“in“âD.\thinspace“E.\“Knuthá.ަ‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–Ï4proš²!vides‘Ï5a“v‘ÿdDariet˜y›Ï5of“similar˜spacing“commands˜for“math˜moMÞde“(see˜Section“16.6Ž¡‘G[Spacing–2Ðin“math“moMÞde],›•êpage“173).‘ ƒWith“the“âamsmath“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage,˜or“as“of“the“2020-10-Ž¡‘G01–høLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“release,‘™œthey‘hùcan“bšMÞe“used“in“text“mo˜de“as“w²!ell“as“math‘hùmo˜de,‘™œincluding“â\!“áforŽ¡‘Gâ\negthinspaceá;–¦fbut“otherwise,“they“are“a²!v‘ÿdDailable“only“in“math“moMÞde.ŽŸé?‘Gëc19.9‘™ëg\/ŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœèbefore-characterâ\/èafter-characterަ‘!GáInsert–µœan“åitalic›µcorrectioná,‘¹ia“small˜space“de ned“bš²!y“the“fon˜t“designer‘µfor“eac˜h“c˜haracterŽ¡‘G(pMÞossibly– yzero),‘#}to“a•²!v“oid– ythe“cš²!haracter“colliding‘ xwith“whatev˜er“follo˜ws.‘ When‘ xy˜ou“use“â\/á,Ž¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–Öîtakš²!es“the“correction“from‘Öíthe“fon˜t“metric“ le,‘ãscales“it“b˜y‘Öían˜y“scaling“that“has“bMÞeenŽ¡‘Gapplied–¦fto“the“fonš²!t,“and“then“inserts“that“m˜uc˜h“horizon˜tal“space.ަ‘!GHere,‘<áw²!ere–Èit›Énot“for˜the“â\/á,‘<áthe“åbMÞefore-c²!haracter‘çòáitalic“f˜w²!ould“hit˜the“åafter-c²!haracterŽ¡‘Gároman‘¦fHŽŸ§Ò‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it‘¿ªf}\/H}ަ‘GábMÞecause–¦fthe“italic“letter“f“leans“far“to“the“righ²!t.ަ‘!GIf–…–åafter-c²!haracter‘N¾áis“a“p•MÞerio“d–…•or›…–comma“then˜don't˜insert“an˜italic˜correction“since˜thoseŽ¡‘Gpunctuation–êÿsymš²!bMÞols‘ëare“so“lo˜w“to‘ëthe“baseline“already‘ÿe.‘ŸfHo˜w˜ev˜er,‘zwith“semicolons‘ëor“colons,Ž¡‘Gas–§?w²!ell“as“with›§@normal“letters,‘§uthe“italic“correction˜can“help.‘àhIt“is˜tš²!ypically“used“bMÞet˜w˜een“aŽ¡‘Gswitcš²!h–¦ffrom“italic“or“slan˜ted“fon˜ts“to“an“uprigh˜t“fon˜t.ަ‘!GWhen–äûy²!ou›äüuse“commands˜suc²!h“as“â\emph˜áand“â\textit“áand˜â\textsl“áto˜cš²!hange“fon˜ts,Ž¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–c¾automatically“inserts“the›c¿italic“correction“when“needed“(see“Section˜4.2“[F‘ÿeonš²!t“st˜yles],Ž¡‘Gpage›q'20).‘ÌHo•²!w“ev“er,‘{Îdeclarations˜suc“h˜as˜â\em˜áand˜â\itshape˜áand˜â\slshape˜ádo˜not˜automat-Ž¡‘Gically–¦finsert“italic“corrections.ŽŸ§Ò‘!GUprigh•²!t›ßc“haracters˜can˜also‘àha“v“e˜an˜italic˜correction.‘¨°An˜example˜where‘àthis˜is˜needed˜isŽ¡‘Gthe›2Yname‘2Zâpdf\/\TeXá.‘·.Ho•²!w“ev“er,‘Imost˜uprigh“t‘2Zc“haracters˜ha“v“e–2Za˜zero˜italic“correction.‘·.SomeŽ¡‘Gfonš²!t–¦fcreators“do“not“include“italic“correction“v‘ÿdDalues“ev˜en“for“italic“fon˜ts.ަ‘!GT–ÿeecš²!hnically“,‘ØäLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¥„uses“another“fon˜t-spMÞeci c“v‘ÿdDalue,‘Øäthe“so-called“åslan˜t“parameter‘n­á(namelyŽ¡‘Gâ\fontdimen1á),‘Çto›)determine–(whether“to˜pMÞossibly“insert“an˜italic“correction,‘Çrather˜than“t²!yingŽ¡‘Gthe–¦faction“to“particular“fon²!t“commands.ŽŽŒ‹Á ^fŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f19:‘ÝÝSpaces’DU193ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThere–ùÚis›ùÙno“concept“of“italic˜correction“in“math˜moMÞde;‘3_math˜spacing“is“done“in˜a“di eren²!tޤ 33‘Gw•²!a“y‘ÿe.ŽŸWF‘Gëc19.10‘™ëg\hrulefill–f@ëc&“ëg\dotfillŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:Ž©mb‘.ùœâ\hrulefillŽ¡‘.ùœ\dotfillަ‘!GáProšMÞduce–â an“in nite‘â horizon²!tal“rubb˜er“length“(see‘â Chapter“14“[Lengths],‘ðõpage“139)“thatŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦f lls“with“a“rule“(that“is,“a“line)“or“with“dots,“instead“of“white“space.ަ‘!GThis–¦foutputs“a“line“2“inc²!hes“long.ަ‘.ùœâName:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}ަ‘GáThis–ãœexample,›òêwhen“placed‘ãbMÞet•²!w“een–ãœblank“lines,˜creates“a›ãparagraph“that“is“left˜and“righ²!tŽ¡‘Gjusti ed–¦fand“where“the“middle“is“ lled“with“ev²!enly“spaced“dots.ŽŸma‘.ùœâ\noindent–¿ªJohn“Aubrey,“RN“\dotfill{}“Melbury“Lodgeަ‘!GáT‘ÿeo–¦fmak²!e“the“rule“or“dots“go“to“the“line's“end“use“â\null“áat“the“start“or“end.ަ‘!GT‘ÿeo–¦fcš²!hange“the“rule's“thic˜kness,“cop˜y“the“de nition“and“adjust“it,“as“hereަ‘.ùœâ\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%Ž¡‘:xð\leavevmode\leaders\hrule–¿ªheight“1pt\hfill\kern0pt“}ަ‘Gáwhic•²!h›2Êc“hanges˜the‘2Ëdefault˜thic“kness˜of˜0.4–Ó7pt˜to‘2Ë1“pt.‘ƒ Similarly‘ÿe,‘Uãadjust˜the‘2Ëdot˜spacing˜asŽ¡‘Gwithަ‘.ùœâ\renewcommand{\dotfill}{%Ž¡‘:xð\leavevmode\cleaders\hbox–¿ªto“1.00em{\hss“.\hss“}\hfill\kern0pt“}ަ‘Gáwhic•²!h›¦fc“hanges˜the˜default˜length˜of˜0.33–Ó7em˜to˜1.00“em.ަ‘!GThis–¦fexample“proMÞduces“a“line“for“a“signature.ŽŸma‘.ùœâ\begin{minipage}{4cm}Ž¡‘:xð\centeringŽ¡‘:xð\hrulefill\\Ž¡‘:xðSignedŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{minipage}ަ‘GáThe–¦fline“is“4‘Ó7cm“long.ŽŸWG‘Gëc19.11‘™ëg\bigskip–f@ëc&“ëg\medskip“ëc&“ëg\smallskipŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ŽŸma‘.ùœâ\bigskipŽ¡‘.ùœ\medskipŽ¡‘.ùœ\smallskipަ‘!GáProMÞduce–“gan›“famoun²!t“of˜v²!ertical“space,‘—3large“or˜medium-sized“or“small.‘ׇThese“commandsŽ¡‘Gare–¦ffragile“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ަ‘!GHere–¦fthe“skip“suggests“the“passage“of“time“(from“äThe–êêGolden“Oc–ÿp¹e“an‘}qáb²!y‘¦fO'Brian).ަ‘.ùœâMr–¿ªSaumarez“would“have“something“rude“to“say“to“him,“no“doubt:“heŽ¡‘.ùœwas–¿ªat“home“again,“and“it“was“delightful.ŽŽŒ‹Â mÑŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f19:‘ÝÝSpaces’DU194ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý®‘.ùœâ\bigskipޤ 33‘.ùœA–¿ªhundred“and“fifty-seven“miles“and“one“third,“in“twenty-four“hours, Ž¡‘.ùœsaid‘¿ªPeter.Ž© F‘!GáEac²!h–¦fcommand“is“assošMÞciated“with“a“length“de ned“in“the“do˜cumen²!t“class“ le.ŽŸúQ‘Gâ\bigskip‘ Ó£áThe–^-same›^,as“â\vspace{\bigskipamount}á,‘lŸordinarily˜abMÞout“one“line˜space,‘lŸwithŽ¡‘Kâ:stretc²!h–ƒƒand›ƒ„shrink.‘Òþ&\textsc{Value}‘?þ&$x^2/2$‘ T\rule{0em}{2.5ex}“\\Ž¡‘:xð$\int_0^x–¿ªt^2\,“dt$“&$x^3/3$‘ T\rule{0em}{2.5ex}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{tabular}ަ‘Gá(Although–hthe›iline-ending“double˜bac²!kslash“command“has˜an“a²!v‘ÿdDailable˜optional“argumen²!tŽ¡‘Gto–)žc²!hange›)the“correspMÞonding“baseline˜skip,‘Jlthat“w•²!on't˜solv“e–)žthis“issue.‘g„Changing˜the“ rstŽ¡‘Gdouble–†bacš²!kslash“to“something‘†lik˜e“â\\[2.5ex]“áwill“put“more“ro•MÞom‘†b“et˜w˜een–†the“header“lineŽ¡‘Gand–¦fthe“â\hline“árule,“and“the“inš²!tegral“w˜ould“still“hit“the“rule.)ŽŸI%‘Gëc19.14‘™ëg\vspaceŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\vspace{èlengthâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\vspace*{èlengthâ}ަ‘!GáAdd–7ßthe›7Þv²!ertical“space“ålengthá.‘ ’GThe“ålength˜ácan“bšMÞe“p˜ositiv•²!e,›œOne“w˜a˜y“to“c˜hangeŽ¡‘Gthat–&Òis“to›&Óprecede“â\addvspace“áwith“a˜â\par“ácommand“(see“Section“15.1˜[â\ápar],‘Fípage“147),Ž¡‘Gas–¦fin“the“abMÞo•²!v“e‘¦fexample.ŽŽŒ‹Ç ¡QŸò’³C1á199ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ20‘ ¸QBo‘ÿuÂxesŽŽŸu‘GáA²!t›Cits–Ccore,‘ªHLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“puts˜things˜in“bMÞo²!xes˜and˜then˜puts“the˜bMÞo²!xes˜on“a˜page.‘ ³ûSo˜theseޤ 33‘Gcommands–¦fare“cen²!tral.Ž©žz‘!GThere–»™are“man•²!y›»špac“k‘ÿdDages–»™on“CT‘ÿeAN‘»”that“are“useful˜for“manipulating“bMÞo²!xes.‘wOne“usefulŽ¡‘Gadjunct–¦fto“the“commands“here“is“âadjustboxá.ŽŸ ë‘Gëc20.1‘™ëg\mbox–f@ëc&“ëg\makeboxŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\mbox{ètextâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\makebox{ètextâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\makebox[èwidthâ]{ètextâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\makebox[èwidthâ][èpositionâ]{ètextâ}ަ‘!GáCreate–„qa“bMÞo•²!x,‘‹áoutputs“`âabc–¦fdef“ghiá',‘Ø5bMÞoth–Î>on“a“single“line.‘UfT‘ÿeo“get“m²!ultiple‘Î?lines“see“Sec-Ž¡‘Gtion–¦f20.3“[â\áparbMÞo²!x],“page“201,“and“Section“8.18“[minipage],“page“71.ŽŸ DÜ‘Gëc20.2‘™ëg\fbox–f@ëc&“ëg\frameboxŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopses,–¦fone“of:ŽŸa‘.ùœâ\fbox{ètextâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\framebox{ètextâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\framebox[èwidthâ]{ètextâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\framebox[èwidthâ][èpositionâ]{ètextâ}ަ‘!GáCreate–*oa“bMÞo²!x“with›*nan“enclosing“frame,‘C:four“rules“surrounding“the˜åtextá.‘´‹These“commandsŽ¡‘Gare– the“same› as“â\mbox“áand“â\makebox“áexcept˜for“the“frame“(see“Section˜20.1“[â\ám•²!bMÞo“x‘ &Ž¡‘Gâ\ámak•²!ebMÞo“x],‘ÿ±page‘íÔ199).‘´*The–íÕâ\fbox“ácommand“is“robust,‘ÿ°the“â\framebox“ácommand“is“fragileŽ¡‘G(see–¦fSection“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ަ‘.ùœâ\fbox{Warning!–¿ªNo“work“shown,“no“credit“given.}ަ‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X– „puts“the‘ ƒtext“inš²!to“a“bMÞo˜x,‘(äthe“text“cannot“bMÞe‘ ƒh˜yphenated.‘©’Around“that“bMÞo˜x,‘(äseparatedŽ¡‘Gfrom–¦fit“b²!y“a“small“gap,“are“four“rules“making“a“frame.ަ‘!GThe›ž3 rst‘ž2t•²!w“o˜command˜in“v“oMÞcations,‘ŸÖâ\fbox{...}˜áand˜â\framebox{...}á,‘Ÿ×are‘ž2roughly˜theŽ¡‘Gsame.‘*As–¿Êto“the“third‘¿Éand“fourth“in•²!v“oMÞcations,‘Æ"the–¿Êoptional“argumenš²!ts“allo˜w‘¿Éy˜ou“to“spMÞecifyŽ¡‘Gthe–b;bMÞo²!x›b“\noregá'.ŽŸ”ó‘Gëc20.6‘™ëglrboxŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{lrbox}{èbox-cmdâ}Ž¡‘:xðètextŽ¡‘.ùœâ\end{lrbox}ŽŸA+‘!GáThis–Òüis›Òûthe“en•²!vironmen“t˜form–Òüof“the˜â\sbox“áand˜â\savebox“ácommands,‘Þ!and˜is“equiv‘ÿdDalen²!tŽ¡‘Gto–¦fthem.‘ÝÝSee“Section“20.5“[â\ásbMÞoš²!x“&“â\ása˜v˜ebMÞo˜x],“page“203,“for“the“full“description.ަ‘!GThe–K åtext‘ˆ áinside“the›K en•²!vironmen“t–K is“sa•²!v“ed˜in‘K the˜bMÞo“x–K register“referred˜to“b²!y˜v‘ÿdDariable“èbox-Ž¡‘Gcmdá.‘ðØThe–v‘ÿdDariable‘name“åbšMÞo•²!x-cmd‘paám“ust–b˜egin“with“a“bacš²!kslash,‘ùâ\á.‘ðÙY‘ÿeou“m˜ust“alloMÞcate“thisŽ¡‘GbMÞo²!x–Mregister›Lin“adv‘ÿdDance“with“â\newsavebox˜á(see“Section“12.7“[â\ánewsa•²!v“ebMÞo“x],‘†page‘M119).‘ô‘InŽ¡‘Gthis–¦fexample“the“en•²!vironmen“t–¦fis“con•²!v“enien“t–¦ffor“en²!tering“the“âtabulará.ަ‘.ùœâ\newsavebox{\jhreg}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{lrbox}{\jhreg}Ž¡‘:xð\begin{tabular}{c}Ž¡‘EøD\includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png}‘¿ª\\Ž¡‘EøDJim‘¿ªHef{}feronŽ¡‘:xð\end{tabular}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{lrbox}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\usebox{\jhreg}ŽŸ”ó‘Gëc20.7‘™ëg\useboxŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸA+‘.ùœâ\usebox{èbox-cmdâ}ަ‘!GáProšMÞduce–êØthe“b˜oš²!x“most‘êÙrecen˜tly“sa˜v˜ed“in“the“bMÞo˜x“register‘êÙåbMÞo˜x-cmd‘Y*áb˜y“the“commandsŽ¡‘Gâ\sbox–l’áor“â\saveboxá,›žor“the“âlrbox“áen•²!vironmen“t.‘0aF‘ÿeor–l’more“information“and“examples,˜seeŽŽŒ‹Í êQŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f20:‘ÝÝBo²!xes’GÔª205ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GSection–(20.5“[â\ásbMÞoš²!x“&“â\ása˜v˜ebMÞo˜x],‘Hgpage“203.‘b«(Note“that‘(the“v‘ÿdDariable“name“åbMÞo˜x-cmd‘–RástartsŽŸ 33‘Gwith–¦fa“bac²!kslash,“â\á.)‘ÝÝThis“command“is“robust“(see“Section“12.11“[â\áprotect],“page“124).ŽŽŒ‹Î ò Ÿò’³C1á206ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ21‘ ¸QGraphicsŽŽŸöù‘GáY‘ÿeou–˜•can›˜–use“graphics“suc²!h˜as“PNG–˜Wor˜PDF“ les–˜•in˜yš²!our“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞcumen˜t.‘´kY‘ÿeou‘˜–need“anޤ 33‘Gadditional–¦fpacš²!k‘ÿdDage,“whic˜h“comes“standard“with“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.‘ÝÝThis“example“is“the“short“ho˜w-to.Ž©''‘.ùœâ\include{graphicx}‘ T%–¿ªgoes“in“the“preambleŽ¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}ŽŸ'(‘!GáT‘ÿeo–²use›²the“commands“describMÞed“here˜yš²!our“doMÞcumen˜t“pream˜ble“m˜ust‘²con˜tain“eitherŽ¡‘Gâ\usepackage{graphicx}›áor–â\usepackage{graphics}á.‘ØMost“of˜the˜time,‘ yâgraphicx“áis˜theŽ¡‘GbMÞetter‘¦fc²!hoice.ަ‘!GGraphics–½Hcome“in“t•²!w“o›½Hmain‘½Gt“ypMÞes,‘raster˜and˜v“ector.–"ƒLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜can˜use‘½GbMÞoth.“In˜rasterŽ¡‘Ggraphics–othe“ le“conš²!tains“an“en˜try“for“eac˜h“loMÞcation“in“an“arra˜y‘ÿe,‘¡9describing“what“color“itŽ¡‘Gis.‘•ÚAn–ã»example›ãºis“a˜photograph“in˜JPG‘ã«format.‘•ÛIn˜v²!ector“graphics,‘óthe“ le˜con²!tains“a˜listŽ¡‘Gof–3›instructions›3šsuc²!h“as˜`âdraw–¦fa“circle“with“this“radius“and“that“centerá'.‘…{An˜exampleŽ¡‘Gis–.üa“line‘.ýdraš²!wing“proMÞduced“b˜y“the‘.ýAsymptote“program,‘Q"in“PDF‘.Ùformat.‘w Generally“v˜ectorŽ¡‘Ggraphics–+ are“more“useful“bMÞecause“y²!ou“can‘+rescale“their“size“without“pixelation“or“otherŽ¡‘Gproblems,–¦fand“bMÞecause“they“often“ha•²!v“e–¦fa“smaller“size.ŽŸ'(‘!GThere–±˜are“systems“particularly“wš²!ell-suited“to“mak˜e“graphics“for“a“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞcumen˜t.‘ÿsF‘ÿeorŽ¡‘Gexample,‘üóthese–ë£alloš²!w“y˜ou›ë¤to“use“the˜same“fon²!ts˜as“in“y•²!our˜doMÞcumen“t.‘­•LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–ë£comes˜with“aŽ¡‘Gâpicture›m áen•²!vironmen“t–m (see˜Section“8.19˜[picture],‘x…page˜74)“that˜has˜simple“capabilities.‘Ê¿Be-Ž¡‘Gsides–S¨that,‘d4there“are“other“w•²!a“ys–S¨to“include“the“graphic-making“commands“in“the“doMÞcumen²!t.Ž¡‘GTw•²!o›suc“h–systems˜are˜the“PST‘ÿeric²!ks˜and“TikZ‘€üpac²!k‘ÿdDages.‘ÑgThere“are˜also˜systems“external˜toŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,‘¼!that–·Ègenerate“a›·Égraphic“that“y²!ou“include˜using“the“commands˜of“this“c•²!hapter.‘Tw“oŽ¡‘Gthat–X»use›X¼a“programming˜language“are˜Asymptote“and˜MetaP²!ost.‘ÃùOne˜that“uses˜a“graphicalŽ¡‘Gin²!terface–K_is›K`X g.‘ÌÉF‘ÿeull“description“of˜these“systems“is“outside˜the“scopMÞe“of˜this“doMÞcumen²!t;Ž¡‘Gsee–¦ftheir“doMÞcumen²!tation“on“CT‘ÿeAN.ŽŸçé‘Gëc21.1‘™ëggraphics–f@ëcpacŒÌk‘ÿ™age“optionsŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis–¦f(m²!ust“bšMÞe“in“the“do˜cumenš²!t“pream˜ble):ަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage[ècomma-separated–¿ªoption“listâ]{graphics}ަ‘GáorŽŸ'(‘.ùœâ\usepackage[ècomma-separated–¿ªoption“listâ]{graphicx}ަ‘!GáThe–âgraphicx›€ápac²!k‘ÿdDage“has“a˜format“for˜optional“argumen²!ts“to˜the“â\includegraphicsŽ¡‘Gácommand–âJthat“is“con•²!v“enien“t–âJ(it“is“the“kš²!ey-v‘ÿdDalue‘âKformat),‘ñCso“it“is“the“bMÞetter“c˜hoice“for“newŽ¡‘GdoMÞcumen•²!ts.‘+When›e€y“ou˜load˜the˜âgraphics˜áor˜âgraphicx˜ápac“k‘ÿdDage˜with˜â\usepackage˜áthereŽ¡‘Gare›¦ft•²!w“o˜kinds˜of˜a“v‘ÿdDailable˜options.ŽŸ'(‘!GThe–t rst“is›tÃthat“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞes“not˜conš²!tain“information“abMÞout“di eren˜t‘tÃoutput“systems“butŽ¡‘Ginstead–—ÝdepMÞends“on“information“stored“in“a“åprin•²!ter‘—Þdriv“er‘aá le.‘²BNormally›—Ýy“ou˜should˜notŽ¡‘GspšMÞecify–ͯthe“driv²!er“option“in“the“do˜cumenš²!t,‘×and“instead“rely‘Í®on“y˜our“system's“default.‘S¸OneŽ¡‘Gadv‘ÿdDanš²!tage–¦fof“this“is“that“it“mak˜es“the“doMÞcumen˜t“pMÞortable“across“systems.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–Ccompleteness›Dhere“is“a˜list“of“the˜drivš²!ers.‘¬|The“curren˜tly“relev‘ÿdDan˜t‘Dones“are:‘“Ìâdvipdfmxá,Ž¡‘Gâdvipsá,–Emâdvisvgmá,›Elâluatexá,“âpdftexá,˜âxetexá.‘[‡The›%Ÿt•²!w“o˜âxdvi–%žáand˜âoztex˜áare“essen²!tially˜aliasesŽ¡‘Gfor–Q²âdvips“á(and“âxdvi“áis“monošMÞc²!hrome).‘ ßÁOnes‘Q±that“should“not“b˜e“used“for“new“systemsŽ¡‘Gare:‘Œâdvipdfá,– ³âdvipdfmá,“âdviwiná,“âdvipsoneá,“âemtexá,“âpctexpsá,“âpctexwiná,“âpctexhpá,“âpctex32á,ŽŽŒ‹Ï óýŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f21:‘ÝÝGraphics’8øß207ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâtruetexá,–êÝâtcidviá,“âvtex–Ý,á(and›Ý+âdviwindo“áis“an˜alias“for˜âdvipsoneá).‘‚.These“are“stored˜in“ lesޤ 33‘Gwith–¦fa“â.def“áextension,“suc²!h“as“âpdftex.defá.ŽŸ G‘!GThe–¦fsecond“kind“of“options“are“bMÞelo²!w.Ž© \‘Gâdemo‘"ÒKáInstead–²µof“an“image–²´ le,‘õÉLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“puts–²µin“a“150“pt“b²!y‘²´100“pt“rectangle“(unlessŽ¡‘Kâ:another–¦fsize“is“spMÞeci ed“in“the“â\includegraphics“ácommand).ަ‘Gâdraft‘¡áF‘ÿeor–C.eac²!h›C-graphic“ le,‘j_it“is“not˜sho²!wn“but˜instead“its“ le˜name“is“prin²!ted˜in“aŽ¡‘Kâ:bMÞoš²!x–dðof“the“correct“size.‘È In‘dïorder“to“determine“the“size,‘rthe“ le“m˜ust“bMÞe“presen˜t.ŽŸ [‘Gâfinal‘¡á(Default)–K±Ovš²!erride“an˜y“previous“âdraft“áoption,‘]Õso“that“the“doMÞcumen˜t“sho˜ws“theŽ¡‘Kâ:con•²!ten“ts–¦fof“the“graphic“ les.ަ‘GâhiderotateŽ¡‘Kâ:áDo–$not“shoš²!w“rotated“text.‘°r(This“allo˜ws“for“the“pMÞossibilit˜y“that“a“preview˜er“doMÞesŽ¡‘Kâ:not›¦fha•²!v“e˜the˜capabilit“y˜to˜rotate˜text.)ަ‘GâhidescaleŽ¡‘Kâ:áDo–›Ènot“shoš²!w‘›Çscaled“text.‘ÚS(This“allo˜ws‘›Çfor“the“pMÞossibilit˜y“that‘›Ça“preview˜er“doMÞesŽ¡‘Kâ:not›¦fha•²!v“e˜the˜capabilit“y˜to˜scale.)ަ‘Gâhiresbb‘“MáIn‘¿_a–¿^PS›¾Õor“EPS˜ le›¿_the“graphic˜size“ma²!y˜b•MÞe˜sp“eci ed‘¿^in˜t•²!w“o‘¿^w“a“ys.‘ (ÇTheŽ¡‘Kâ:â%%BoundingBox–Rálines“describMÞe‘Sthe“graphic“size“using“inš²!teger“m˜ultiples‘Sof“a“P˜ost-Ž¡‘Kâ:Script‘ªCpMÞoin•²!t,‘ܱthat›ªDis,‘ܰin“teger˜m“ultiples–ªCof˜1/72“inc²!h.‘‰ÒA‘ªlater˜addition“to˜the“P²!ost-Ž¡‘Kâ:Script–þ1language“alloš²!ws“decimal‘þ0m˜ultiples,‘Õsuc˜h“as“1.23,‘Õin“â%%HiResBoundingBoxŽ¡‘Kâ:álines.‘ÝÝThis–¦foption“has“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“to“read“the“size“from“the“latter.ŽŸÚ(‘Gëc21.2‘™ëggraphics–f@ëcpacŒÌk‘ÿ™age“con gurationŽŽŸ33‘GáThese–¦fcommands“con gure“the“w•²!a“y–¦fLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“searc²!hes“the“ le“system“for“the“graphic.Ž© H‘!GThe–âbMÞehaš²!vior“of“ le“system“searc˜h“cošMÞde“is“necessarily“platform“dep˜enden²!t.‘´In“this“do˜c-Ž¡‘Gumen•²!t›j®w“e˜co“v“er˜GNU/Lin“ux,‘ÛÀMacin“tosh,‘Û¿and˜Windo“ws,‘ÛÀas˜those˜systems˜are˜t“ypicallyŽ¡‘Gcon gured.‘̆F‘ÿeor–raother“situations‘rbconsult“the“doMÞcumen²!tation“in“âgrfguide.pdfá,‘|Éor“the“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Gsource,–¦for“yš²!our“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“distribution's“doMÞcumen˜tation.ŽŸÚ(‘Gëm21.2.1‘d(ëp\graphicspathŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\graphicspath{èlist–¿ªof“directories“inside“curly“bracesâ}Ž© G‘!GáDeclare–àa“list“of“directories“to“searcš²!h“for“graphics‘à les.‘ŠêThis“allo˜ws“y˜ou“to“later“sa˜yŽ¡‘Gsomething–¦flikš²!e“â\includegraphics{lion.png}“áinstead“of“ha˜ving“to“giv˜e“its“path.ަ‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›©Îalw•²!a“ys–©ÏloMÞoks˜for“graphic˜ les“ rst˜in˜the“curren²!t˜directory“(and˜the“output˜direc-Ž¡‘Gtory‘ÿe,›ØFif–ÎLspMÞeci ed;‘â?see‘ÎM[output“directory],˜page“262).‘UThe“declaration“bMÞelo²!w“tells‘ÎMthe“systemŽ¡‘Gto–¦fthen“lošMÞok“in“the“sub˜directory“âpixá,“and“then“â../pixá.ŽŸ H‘.ùœâ\usepackage{graphicx}‘>þ%–¿ªor“graphics;“put“in“preambleŽ¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\graphicspath{–¿ª{pix/}“{../pix/}“}ަ‘!GáThe–h¬â\graphicspath›h«ádeclaration“is“optional.‘ÉIIf“y²!ou“don't˜include“it“then˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“defaultŽ¡‘Gis–øto›øsearc²!h“all˜of“the˜places“that˜it“usually˜loMÞoks“for˜a“ le˜(it“uses˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“â\input@pathá).Ž¡‘GIn–¦fparticular,“in“this“case“one“of“the“places“it“loMÞoks“is“the“curren²!t“directory‘ÿe.ŽŽŒ‹Ð ¥Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f21:‘ÝÝGraphics’8øß208ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GEnclose–¸¶eacš²!h“directory“name“in“curly“braces;‘AÞfor“example,‘ýJabMÞo˜v˜e“it“sa˜ys“`â{pix}á'.‘ÍDoޤ 33‘Gthis–íWev²!en›íVif“there˜is“only“one˜directory‘ÿe.‘²¯Eac²!h“directory˜name“m²!ust“end˜in“a˜forw²!ard“slash,Ž¡‘Gâ/á.‘ihThis–Ôêis‘Ôétrue“evš²!en“on“Windo˜ws,‘àŠwhere“go•MÞo“d›Ôépractice–Ôêis“to“use˜forw²!ard“slashes“for˜all“theŽ¡‘Gdirectory–Ïgseparators›Ïfsince“it˜makš²!es“the“do•MÞcumen˜t›Ïfp“ortable–Ïgto˜other“platforms.‘XßIf˜yš²!ou“ha˜v˜eŽ¡‘Gspaces–§,in›§+y²!our“directory˜name“then˜use“double˜quotes,‘§]as˜with“â{"my‘¦fdocs/"}á.‘à-Getting“oneŽ¡‘Gof–¦fthese“rules“wrong“will“cause“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“to“repMÞort“âError:“File“èfilenameâ “not“foundá.ޤ]B‘!GBasically‘ÿe,›Z.the–G algorithm“is“that“with“this‘Gexample,˜after“loMÞoking“in“the“curren²!t“directory‘ÿe,Ž¡‘.ùœâ\graphicspath{–¿ª{pix/}“{../pix/}“}ޤ 33‘.ùœ...Ž¡‘.ùœ\usepackage{lion.png}ŽŸ]C‘Gáfor–ø„eac²!h“of“the“listed›ø…directories,‘ LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“concatenates“it“with˜the“ lename“and“searc²!hes“forŽ¡‘Gthe›ÛÓresult,‘é-c•²!hec“king˜for–ÛÒâpix/lion.png˜áand˜then“â../pix/lion.pngá.‘~#This“algorithm˜meansŽ¡‘Gthat–íÉthe›íÊâ\graphicspath“ácommand“doMÞes“not˜recursivš²!ely“searc˜h“subMÞdirectories:‘l¤if“y˜ou“issueŽ¡‘Gâ\graphicspath{{a/}}–Ü áand“the›Ü graphic“is“in“âa/b/lion.png“áthen˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“not“ nd“it.‘~ÐItŽ¡‘Galso–Òmeans›Ñthat“y²!ou“can˜use“absolute“paths“suc²!h˜as“â\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}Ž¡‘Gáor›Áûâ\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}á.‘‘¹Ho•²!w“ev“er,‘ïªusing˜these˜means‘Áúthat˜theŽ¡‘GdošMÞcumen²!t–&áis‘&ànot“p˜ortable.‘_L(Y‘ÿeou“could“preserv•²!e‘&àp˜ortabilit“y›&áb“y‘&àadjusting˜y“our‘&àT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜systemŽ¡‘Gsettings–¦fcon guration“ le“parameter“âTEXINPUTSá;“see“the“doMÞcumenš²!tation“of“y˜our“system.)Ž©]B‘!GY‘ÿeou–1…can›1†use“â\graphicspath˜áan²!ywhere“in“the˜doMÞcumen²!t.‘¶èY‘ÿeou“can“use˜it“more˜than“once.Ž¡‘GSho²!w–¦fits“v‘ÿdDalue“with“â\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatotherá.ަ‘!GThe–t*directories“are“tak²!en“with“respšMÞect‘t+to“the“base“ le.‘wÉThat“is,‘±jsupp˜ose“that“yš²!ou“are“w˜ork-Ž¡‘Ging–­von“a“doMÞcumenš²!t“based“on“âbook/book.tex“áand“it“con˜tains“â\include{chapters/chap1}á.Ž¡‘GIf–ððin“âchap1.tex“áyš²!ou“put“â\graphicspath{{plots/}}‘ðïáthen“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“not“searc˜h“for“graphicsŽ¡‘Gin–¦fâbook/chapters/plotsá,“but“instead“in“âbook/plotsá.ŽŸT‘Gëm21.2.2‘d(ëp\DeclareGraphicsExtensionsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:ŽŸ]C‘.ùœâ\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{ècomma-separated–¿ªlist“of“file“extensionsâ}ަ‘!GáDeclare–¬¼the›¬½ lename“extensions˜to“try‘ÿe.‘ðáThis“allo•²!ws˜y“ou–¬¼to˜spMÞecify“the˜order“in˜whic²!h“toŽ¡‘Gc²!hoMÞose–"agraphic›"`formats“when˜y²!ou“include“graphic˜ les“b²!y“giving˜the“ lename˜without“theŽ¡‘Gextension,–¦fas“in“â\includegraphics{functionplot}á.ަ‘!GIn–¦fthis“example,“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“ nd“ les“in“the“PNG“format“bMÞefore“PDF“ les.ަ‘.ùœâ\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics{lion}‘>þ%–¿ªwill“find“lion.png“before“lion.pdfŽŸ]C‘GáBecause–Ãßthe“ lename›ÃÞâlion“ádoMÞes“not“ha•²!v“e˜a›Ãßp•MÞerio“d,‘Ë=LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜uses‘ÃÞthe˜extension˜list.‘6GF‘ÿeor˜eac²!hŽ¡‘Gdirectory–¯ñin“the›¯ògraphics“path“(see“Section“21.2.1˜[â\ágraphicspath],‘òSpage“207),‘òTLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“willŽ¡‘Gtry–Ç«the“extensions“in“the“order“givš²!en.‘A¬If“it‘ǪdoMÞes“not“ nd“suc˜h“a“ le“after“trying“all“theŽ¡‘Gdirectories–ÝÑand“extensions“then“it‘ÝÒrepMÞorts“`â!–¦fLaTeX“Error:“File“lion “not“foundá'.‘„NoteŽ¡‘Gthat–¦fyš²!ou“m˜ust“include“the“p•MÞerio“ds–¦fat“the“start“of“the“extensions.ަ‘!GBecause–¬†GNU/Linš²!ux‘¬…and“Macin˜tosh“ lenames‘¬…are“case“sensitiv˜e,‘Þthe“list“of‘¬… le“extensionsŽ¡‘Gis–¦fcase“sensitivš²!e“on“those“platforms.‘ÝÝThe“Windo˜ws“platform“is“not“case“sensitiv˜e.ަ‘!GY‘ÿeou–Dare›Enot“required“to“include˜â\DeclareGraphicsExtensions“áin“y•²!our˜doMÞcumen“t;‘R³theŽ¡‘Gprin•²!ter›ˆšdriv“er–ˆ™has˜a“sensible˜default.‘„xF‘ÿeor“example,‘Á&the˜most“recen²!t˜âpdftex.def“áhas˜thisŽ¡‘Gextension‘¦flist.ŽŽŒ‹Ñ "Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f21:‘ÝÝGraphics’8øß209ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2ޤo¶‘!GáT‘ÿeo–¦fcš²!hange“the“order,“use“the“âgrfext“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage.Ž¡‘!GY‘ÿeou–¶[can“use“this“command“anš²!ywhere“in“the“doMÞcumen˜t.‘ ½Y‘ÿeou“can“use“it“more“than“once.Ž© 33‘GSho²!w–¦fits“v‘ÿdDalue“with“â\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatotherá.ŽŸ<‚‘Gëm21.2.3‘d(ëp\DeclareGraphicsRuleŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\DeclareGraphicsRule{èextensionâ}{ètypeâ}{èsize-file‘¿ªextensionâ}{ècommandâ}Ž¡‘!GáDeclare–¦fho²!w“to“handle“graphic“ les“whose“names“end“in“åextensioná.Ž¡‘!GThis–+Ûexample›+Üdeclares“that“all˜ les“with˜names“of“the˜form“âfilename-without-dot.mpsަ‘Gáwill–‹bMÞe›‹treated“as“output˜from“MetaP²!ost,‘>meaning“that“the˜prinš²!ter“driv˜er“will‘‹use“itsަ‘GMetaP²!ost-handling–¦fcoMÞde“to“input“the“ le.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}ŽŸoµ‘!GáThisŽ¡‘.ùœâ\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}Ž¡‘Gátells–3ÒLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›3Ñthat“it˜should“handle“as˜MetaP²!ost“output˜an²!y“ le“with˜an“extension˜not“co•²!v“eredަ‘Gbš²!y–¦fanother“rule,“so“it“co˜v˜ers“âfilename.1á,“âfilename.2á,“etc.Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fdescribMÞes“the“four“argumen²!ts.ŽŸ÷‘Gåextension‘ õáThe–Cç le›Cæextension“to“whic²!h˜this“rule“applies.‘¶^The“extension“is˜an²!ything“afterަ‘Kâ:and–.fincluding“the›.e rst“dot“in“the˜ lename.‘uÝUse“the˜Kleene“star,‘Pfâ*á,‘Peto“denoteަ‘Kâ:the–¦fdefault“bMÞeha²!vior“for“all“undeclared“extensions.ޤo¶‘Gåt•²!ypšMÞe‘$Ô$áThe‘Å7t“yp˜e–Å7of“ le“in•²!v“olv“ed.‘:PThis‘Å7t“yp˜e–Å7is“a“string“that“m²!ust“b˜e“de ned“in“theަ‘Kâ:prin•²!ter›Ÿ driv“er.‘È F‘ÿeor‘Ÿ!instance,–ÝN les˜with˜extensions˜â.psá,“â.epsá,‘ÝOor˜â.ps.gz˜áma²!yަ‘Kâ:all– …bšMÞe“classed“as“t²!yp˜e‘ „âepsá.‘Ì:All“ les“of“the“same“t²!yp˜e‘ „will“b˜e“input“with“theަ‘Kâ:same–±minš²!ternal“command“b˜y“the“prin˜ter“driv˜er.‘þòF‘ÿeor“example,‘´/the“ le“t˜ypMÞes“thatަ‘Kâ:âpdftex–¦fárecognizes“are:‘ÝÝâjpgá,“âjbig2á,“âmpsá,“âpdfá,“âpngá,“âtifá.ŽŸoµ‘Gåsize- le‘¦fextensionަ‘Kâ:áThe–extension›of“the˜ le“to˜bMÞe“read˜to“determine˜the“size˜of“the˜graphic,‘6åif“thereަ‘Kâ:is–¦fsucš²!h“a“ le.‘ÝÝIt“ma˜y“bMÞe“the“same“as“åextension“ábut“it“ma˜y“bMÞe“di eren˜t.ŽŸQu‘Kâ:As–¥6an›¥7example,‘¥sconsider“a˜Pš²!ostScript“graphic.‘ÝxT‘ÿeo“mak˜e›¥7it“smaller,‘¥sit˜migh²!t“bMÞeަ‘Kâ:compressed–9in²!to“a“â.ps.gz›9‚á le.‘—.Compressed“ les“are“not˜easily“read“b²!y“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B Xަ‘Kâ:so–Py²!ou›Qcan“put“the“b•MÞounding˜b“o²!x–Pinformation“in“a˜separate“ le.‘ œIf“åsize- leަ‘Kâ:extension–§*áis“emptš²!y“then“y˜ou“m˜ust“spMÞecify“size“information“in“the“argumen˜ts“ofަ‘Kâ:â\includegraphicsá.ŽŸQt‘Kâ:If–QÐthe›QÏdriv²!er“ le“has“a˜proMÞcedure“for“reading“size˜ les“for“âtype“áthen˜that“will“bMÞeަ‘Kâ:used,‘zXotherwise–oTit›oUwill“use˜the“proMÞcedure˜for“reading˜â.eps“á les.‘Ë‚(Th•²!us˜y“ou‘oTma“yަ‘Kâ:spMÞecify–­¶the›­·size“of˜bitmap“ les“in˜a“ le“with˜a“P•²!ostScript˜st“yle‘­¶â%%BoundingBoxަ‘Kâ:áline–¦fif“no“other“format“is“a²!v‘ÿdDailable.)Ž¡‘Gåcommand‘ •3áA‘Ðcommand–Ðáthat›Ðâwill“bMÞe“applied“to˜the“ le.‘]OThis“is“often˜left“empt²!y‘ÿe.ަ‘Kâ:This– =hcommand› =gm²!ust“start˜with“a˜single“bac•²!kw“ard˜quote.‘¢âTh“us,ަ‘Kâ:â\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{gunzip–¦f-c“#1}‘ÓáspMÞeci esަ‘Kâ:that–ŽÐan²!y›ŽÑ le“with˜the“extension˜â.eps.gz“áshould˜bMÞe“treated˜as“an˜âeps“á le,‘“ˆwithŽŽŒ‹Ò $Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f21:‘ÝÝGraphics’8øß210ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Kâ:the–‡iBoundingBo²!x“information“stored‘‡hin“the“ le“with“extension“â.eps.bbá,‘¿©andޤ 33‘Kâ:that–nÞthe›nßcommand“âgunzip‘¦f-c“áwill˜run“on˜y²!our“platform“to˜decompresses“theŽ¡‘Kâ: le.ŽŸ´D‘Kâ:Suc²!h–ƒCa›ƒDcommand“is˜spMÞeci c“to˜y²!our“platform.‘tuIn˜addition,‘ºzy²!our˜T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“systemŽ¡‘Kâ:m•²!ust›Üallo“w‘Üy“ou˜to–Ürun˜external“commands;‘öías˜a“securit²!y˜measure“moMÞdern˜sys-Ž¡‘Kâ:tems–Cprestrict“running“commands“unless“yš²!ou“explicitly‘Cqallo˜w“it.‘´ûSee“the“doMÞcu-Ž¡‘Kâ:menš²!tation–¦ffor“y˜our“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“distribution.ŽŸƒ5‘Gëc21.3‘™Commands–f@for“graphicsŽŽŸ33‘GáThese–¦fare“the“commands“aš²!v‘ÿdDailable“with“the“âgraphics“áand“âgraphicx“ápac˜k‘ÿdDages.ŽŸ"‘Gëm21.3.1‘d(ëp\includegraphicsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses–¦ffor“âgraphics“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage:Ž©5V‘.ùœâ\includegraphics{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics[èurxâ,èuryâ]{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics[èllxâ,èllyâ][èurxâ,èuryâ]{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics*{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics*[èurxâ,èuryâ]{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics*[èllxâ,èllyâ][èurxâ,èuryâ]{èfilenameâ}ަ‘!GáSynopses–¦ffor“âgraphicx“ápac²!k‘ÿdDage:ަ‘.ùœâ\includegraphics{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics[èkey-value‘¿ªlistâ]{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics*{èfilenameâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includegraphics*[èkey-value‘¿ªlistâ]{èfilenameâ}ŽŸ5U‘!GáInclude–XÞa›XÝgraphics“ le.‘õDThe“starred“form˜â\includegraphics*“áwill“clip“the˜graphic“toŽ¡‘Gthe–ósize›óspMÞeci ed,‘:while“for“the˜unstarred“form˜an²!y“part“of˜the“graphic˜that“is˜outside“theŽ¡‘GbšMÞo²!x–¦fof“the“sp˜eci ed“size“will“o•²!v“er-prin“t–¦fthe“surrounding“area.ަ‘!GThisަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{graphicx}‘ T%–¿ªin“preambleŽ¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{center}Ž¡‘:xð\includegraphics{plot.pdf}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ަ‘Gáwill–„`incorpšMÞorate“in²!to“the‘„ado˜cumenš²!t“the“graphic“in“âplot.pdfá,‘¾acen˜tered“and‘„aat“its“nominal“size.Ž¡‘GY‘ÿeou–]can›^also“giv²!e˜a“path˜to“the˜ le,‘“ùas“with“â\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}á.‘Ö0T‘ÿeoŽ¡‘GspšMÞecify–\Ëa“list“of‘\Êlo˜cations“to“searc²!h“for“the“ le,›kƒsee“Section“21.2.1“[â\ágraphicspath],˜page“207.ŽŸ5U‘!GIf–.›y²!our“ lename“includes‘.œspaces“then“put“it“in“double“quotes.‘v}An“example“isŽ¡‘Gâ\includegraphics{"sister‘¦fpicture.jpg"}á.ަ‘!GThe– Áxâ\includegraphics{èfilenameâ}› Áyácommand“decides˜on“the“t²!ypMÞe˜of“graphicŽ¡‘Gb²!y–´Nsplitting“å lename›QTáon“the“ rst“dot.‘”Y‘ÿeou“can“instead“use“å lename˜áwith“no“dot,Ž¡‘Gas–úBin›úCâ\includegraphics{turing}á,‘ 7and“then˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“tries“a“sequence˜of“extensionsŽ¡‘Gsucš²!h–³%as“â.png“áand“â.pdf“áun˜til“it“ nds‘³&a“ le“with“that“extension“(see“Section“21.2.2Ž¡‘G[â\áDeclareGraphicsExtensions],–¦fpage“208).ŽŽŒ‹Ó 2¤Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f21:‘ÝÝGraphics’8øß211ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GIf–Ñëyš²!our“ le“name“con˜tains“dots“bMÞefore“the‘Ñìextension“then“y˜ou“can“hide“them“with“curlyޤ 33‘Gbraces,‘÷_as–Ëžin“â\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}á.‘”ïOr,‘÷`if›Ëy²!ou“use˜the“âgraphicxŽ¡‘Gápacš²!k‘ÿdDage–QCthen“y˜ou“can“use“the‘QDoptions“âtype“áand“âextá;‘¦±see“bMÞelo˜w.‘ÞuThis“and“other“ lenameŽ¡‘Gissues–¦fare“also“handled“with“the“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“âgrffileá.Ž©"#‘!GThis–‰example›ˆputs“a“graphic“in˜a“âfigure“áen•²!vironmen“t–‰so˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“can“mo•²!v“e–‰it˜to“the“nextŽ¡‘Gpage–¦fif“ tting“it“on“the“currenš²!t“page“is“a˜wkw˜ard“(see“Section“8.10“[ gure],“page“60).ަ‘.ùœâ\begin{figure}Ž¡‘:xð\centeringŽ¡‘:xð\includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg}Ž¡‘:xð\caption{The–¿ªevidence“is“overwhelming:“don t“smoke.}‘ T\label{fig:xray}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{figure}ަ‘!GáThis–Ø­places“a“graphic“that“will“not“ oat,‘%>so“it“is“sure“to“appšMÞear“at“this“p˜oin²!t“in“theŽ¡‘GdoMÞcumen•²!t›s ev“en‘s if˜mak“es˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜stretc“h–s the˜text˜or˜resort“to˜blank˜areas˜on“the˜page.‘Ì¿It˜willŽ¡‘GbMÞe–¦fcenš²!tered“and“will“ha˜v˜e“a“caption.ަ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{caption}‘ T%–¿ªin“preambleŽ¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{center}Ž¡‘:xð\includegraphics{pix/nix.png}Ž¡‘:xð\captionof{figure}{The–¿ªspirit“of“the“night}“\label{pix:nix}“%“optionalŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ŽŸ""‘!GáThis–yÔexample“puts›yÓa“bMÞo²!x“with“a˜graphic“side“b²!y“side˜with“one“haš²!ving“text,‘‚½with“the“t˜w˜oŽ¡‘Gv•²!ertically‘¦fcen“tered.ަ‘.ùœâ\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{center}Ž¡‘:xð\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}Ž¡‘:xð\hspace{1em}Ž¡‘:xð\vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}Ž¡’œ3:\begin{displaymath}Ž¡’§²Žf(x)=x\cdot–¿ª\sin“(1/x)Ž¡’œ3:\end{displaymath}Ž¡’³æ\end{minipage}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{center}ަ‘!GáIf–ISyš²!ou“use“the“âgraphics“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage“then“the“only“options“in˜v˜olv˜e“the“size“of“the“graphicŽ¡‘G(but–eŒsee“Section‘e21.3.2“[â\árotatebšMÞo²!x],‘•Upage“215,‘•Vand“Section“21.3.3“[â\áscaleb˜o²!x],‘•Vpage“216).Ž¡‘GWhen–Áone‘Àoptional“argumenš²!t“is“presen˜t›Àthen“it“is˜â[èurxâ,èuryâ]“áand“it“giv²!es˜the“coMÞordinatesŽ¡‘Gof–T(the“top›T)righ²!t“corner“of“the˜image,‘d›as“a“pair“of˜T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B 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X˜di-Ž¡‘Kâ:mensions–-—(see›-–Section“14.1“[Units˜of“length],‘bpage“140)“and˜also“con•²!v“enien“tŽ¡‘Kâ:is–4õâ\linewidthá,›X˜or“in‘4ôa“t•²!w“o-column‘4õdoMÞcumen“t,˜â\columnwidth–4õá(see‘4ôSection“5.5Ž¡‘Kâ:[P•²!age›mla“y“out–nparameters],‘mnpage“28).‘ !óAn“example˜is˜that“b²!y˜using“the˜âcalcŽ¡‘Kâ:ápac•²!k‘ÿdDage›I’y“ou‘I“can˜mak“e–I“the˜graphic˜bMÞe“1˜cm“narro•²!w“er˜than˜the–I“width˜of“the˜textŽ¡‘Kâ:with‘¦fâ\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}á.Ž©_‘Gâheight‘R÷áThe–;Øgraphic›;×will“bMÞe˜sho²!wn“so˜its“b•MÞounding˜b“o²!x–;Øis˜this“heigh²!t.‘ ž1Y‘ÿeou“canŽ¡‘Kâ:use–nthe“standard›nžT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“dimensions“(see“Section“14.1˜[Units“of“length],Ž¡‘Kâ:page–N®140),‘8¾and“also“con•²!v“enien“t–N®are‘N­â\pageheight“áand“â\textheight“á(seeŽ¡‘Kâ:Section–ܼ5.5‘Ü»[Pš²!age“la˜y˜out“parameters],›*Ppage“28).‘€ÞF‘ÿeor“instance,˜the“commandŽ¡‘Kâ:â\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}–G‘áwill›G’mak²!e“the˜graphicŽ¡‘Kâ:a–¦fquarter“of“the“heigh²!t“of“the“text“area.ŽŸ_‘GâtotalheightŽ¡‘Kâ:áThe–+Ýgraphic›+Þwill“bMÞe˜sho²!wn“so“its˜bšMÞounding“b˜oš²!x‘+Þhas“this“heigh˜t‘+Þplus“depth.‘µThisŽ¡‘Kâ:di ers–from›the“heigh²!t“if˜the“graphic“w²!as˜rotated.‘êòF‘ÿeor“instance,‘„if“it˜has“bMÞeenŽ¡‘Kâ:rotated–¦fbš²!y“-90“then“it“will“ha˜v˜e“zero“heigh˜t“but“a“large“depth.ަ‘GâkeepaspectratioŽ¡‘Kâ:áIf–¦fset“to“âtrueá,“or“just“spMÞeci ed“as“hereޤI%‘hÊâ\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}Ž¡‘Kâ:áand–ejyš²!ou“giv˜e“as“options“bMÞoth“âwidth“áand‘ekâheight“á(or“âtotalheightá),‘rithen“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B Xޤ 33‘Kâ:will–„°mak²!e›„±the“graphic˜is“as“large˜as“pMÞossible“without˜distortion.‘Ò That˜is,‘‹nLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Kâ:will–JGensure›JHthat“neither˜is“the˜graphic“wider˜than“âwidth˜ánor“taller˜than“âheightŽ¡‘Kâ:á(or‘¦fâtotalheightá).ަ‘Gâscale‘¡áF‘ÿeactor›CÏb•²!y‘CÐwhic“h˜to˜scale–CÐthe˜graphic.‘½T‘ÿeo“mak²!e˜a“graphic˜t²!wice˜its“nominal˜size,Ž¡‘Kâ:enš²!ter–"Wâ\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}á.‘Q°This“n˜um˜bMÞer“ma˜y“bMÞe“an˜y“v‘ÿdDalue;Ž¡‘Kâ:a›Øn•²!um“b•MÞer‘Øb“et•²!w“een˜0–Øand˜1“will˜shrink˜the“graphic˜and“a˜negativš²!e“n˜um˜bMÞer‘ØwillŽ¡‘Kâ:re ect‘¦fit.ŽŸ_‘Gâangle‘¡áRotate›8the–7graphic.‘6RThe“angle˜is“tak²!en˜in“degrees˜and“coun•²!tercloMÞc“kwise.‘6RTheŽ¡‘Kâ:graphic–øfis›øerotated“abMÞout“its˜âoriginá;‘2gsee˜that“option.‘£ÝF‘ÿeor“a˜complete“descriptionŽ¡‘Kâ:of–¦fhoš²!w“rotated“material“is“t˜ypšMÞeset,“see“Section“21.3.2“[â\árotateb˜o²!x],“page“215.ŽŽŒ‹Õ JŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f21:‘ÝÝGraphics’8øß213ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâorigin‘R÷áThe–n©pšMÞoin²!t“of“the‘n¨graphic“ab˜out“whic²!h“the“rotation“happ˜ens.‘6¥P²!ossibleޤ 33‘Kâ:v‘ÿdDalues–Rare“anš²!y‘Sstring“con˜taining“one“or‘St˜w˜o“of:‘ µâl›Sáfor“left,‘žLâr“áfor˜righ²!t,‘žLâbŽ¡‘Kâ:áfor–l bMÞottom,‘wâc“áfor“cen²!ter,›vât‘láfor“top,˜and›lâB“áfor˜baseline.‘ .ÓTh•²!us,‘ven“teringŽ¡‘Kâ:the–Êácommand‘Êââ\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}“áwill“turnŽ¡‘Kâ:the–_ëpicture“upside“doš²!wn“abMÞout“that“picture's“cen˜ter,‘Kwhile“the“commandŽ¡‘Kâ:â\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}–°©áwill‘°ªturn“its“pictureŽ¡‘Kâ:upside–|´do²!wn›|µabMÞout“its“left˜baseline.‘ `Ç(The˜cš²!haracter“âc“ágiv˜es‘|µthe“horizon˜talŽ¡‘Kâ:cenš²!ter–ozin“âbc“áor“âtcá,‘zvbut“giv˜es“the“v˜ertical“cen˜ter“in“âlc“áor“ârcá.)‘ËŽThe“default“is“âlBá.Ž©y‘Kâ:T‘ÿeo–¦frotate“abšMÞout“an“arbitrary“p˜oin²!t,“see“Section“21.3.2“[â\árotateb˜o²!x],“page“215.ŽŸ¨‘!GThese–¦fare“lesser-used“options.ŽŸ©‘Gâviewport‘ Ó£áPicš²!k–Sÿout“a“subregion“of‘Sþthe“graphic“to“sho˜w.‘ æ¨T‘ÿeak˜es“four“argumen˜ts,‘¿dsepa-Ž¡‘Kâ:rated–‘îbš²!y“spaces“and“giv˜en‘‘ïin“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“dimensions,‘–as“with“â\includegraphics[..,Ž¡‘Kâ:viewport=0in–¦f0in“1in“0.618in]{...}á.‘ÆEWhen–_Ÿthe“unit“is“omitted,‘mÇthe“dimen-Ž¡‘Kâ:sions– >default› =to“big˜pMÞoin²!ts,“âbpá.‘dThey˜are“takš²!en“relativ˜e› =to“the˜origin“spMÞeci edŽ¡‘Kâ:b²!y–¦fthe“bšMÞounding“b˜o²!x.‘ÝÝSee“also“the“âtrim“áoption.ŽŸ¾Ö‘Gâtrim‘"ÒKáGiv²!es–Á»parts›Áºof“the˜graphic“to“not˜sho•²!w.‘‘¤T‘ÿeak“es‘Á»four˜argumen“ts,‘ïwseparated˜b“y‘Á»spa-Ž¡‘Kâ:ces,›äthat–ñ1are“giv²!en“in‘ñ2T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“dimensions,˜as“with“â\includegraphics[..,‘¦ftrim=Ž¡‘Kâ:0in–¦f0.1in“0.2in“0.3in,“...]{...}á.‘°These–—"givš²!e“the“amoun˜ts“of“the“graphicŽ¡‘Kâ:not–•$to“sho²!w,›ËËthat“is,˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“crop“the“picture‘•%bš²!y“0“inc˜hes“on“the“left,‘ËË0.1“inc˜hesŽ¡‘Kâ:on›©Øthe–©×bMÞottom,‘ªµ0.2“inc•²!hes˜on˜the˜righ“t,‘ª´and‘©×0.3˜inc“hes˜on˜the–©×top.‘è3See“also˜theŽ¡‘Kâ:âviewport‘¦fáoption.ŽŸ¾×‘Gâclip‘"ÒKáIf–¦fset“to“âtrueá,“or“just“spMÞeci ed“as“hereަ‘hÊâ\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}ަ‘Kâ:áthen–J°the“graphic›J¯is“croppMÞed“to“the˜bšMÞounding“b˜o²!x.‘¿KThis“is“the“same‘J¯as“using“theŽ¡‘Kâ:starred–¦fform“of“the“command,“â\includegraphics*[...]{...}á.ŽŸ¾Ö‘Gâpage‘"ÒKáGivš²!e–¦fthe“page“n˜um˜bMÞer“of“a“m˜ulti-page“PDF“ le.‘ÝÝThe“default“is“âpage=1á.Ž©¾×‘Gâpagebox‘“MáSp•MÞeci es›À”whic²!h‘À“b“ounding˜b“o²!x˜to˜use–À“for˜PDF‘À les˜from“among˜âmediaboxá,Ž¡‘Kâ:âcropboxá,–YÃâbleedboxá,‘YÄâtrimboxá,“or–F›âartboxá.‘½îPDF‘Fƒ les›Fšdo“not“ha•²!v“e˜the‘F›Bounding-Ž¡‘Kâ:Boš²!x–ÕUthat“P˜ostScript‘ÕV les“ha˜v˜e,‘ÿ%but‘ÕVma˜y“spMÞecify“up“to‘ÕVfour“prede 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Æ›(The“c˜haracter“âc“ágiv˜es“theŽ¡‘Kâ:horizon•²!tal›Eicen“ter˜in‘Ejâbc˜áor˜âtc˜ábut˜giv“es‘Ejthe˜v“ertical˜cen“ter˜in˜âlc‘Ejáor˜ârcá,‘XÏand˜giv“esŽ¡‘Kâ:bMÞoth–¦fin“âcá.)‘ÝÝThe“default“is“âlBá.ŽŸ{‘Gâx,‘¦fy‘$ëáSpšMÞecify–ž‚an‘žƒarbitrary“p˜oin²!t›žƒof“rotation˜with“â\rotatebox[x=èT‘þXŸ[wEŽ–eX‘¦fdimensionâ,y=èT‘þXŸ[wEŽ“XŽ¡‘Kâ:dimensionâ]{...}–£á(see“Section‘¤14.1“[Units“of“length],‘41page“140).‘®GThese“giv²!e“theŽ¡‘Kâ:o set–¦ffrom“the“bšMÞo²!x's“reference“p˜oin²!t.ŽŸ{‘Gâunits‘¡áThis›‡Xk•²!ey‘‡Wallo“ws˜y“ou‘‡Wto˜c“hange–‡Wthe˜default“of˜degrees“coun•²!tercloMÞc“kwise.Ž¡‘Kâ:Setting–ºªâunits=-360“ácš²!hanges“the“direction“to“degrees“cloMÞc˜kwise“and“settingŽ¡‘Kâ:âunits=6.283185–¦fácš²!hanges“to“radians“coun˜tercloMÞc˜kwise.ŽŽŒ‹Ø x°Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f21:‘ÝÝGraphics’8øß216ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm21.3.3‘d(ëp\scaleboxŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:Ž©33‘.ùœâ\scalebox{èhorizontal‘¿ªfactorâ}{èmaterialâ}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\scalebox{èhorizontal–¿ªfactorâ}[èvertical“factorâ]{èmaterialâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\reflectbox{èmaterialâ}ަ‘!GáScale–¦fthe“åmaterialá.ަ‘!GThis–c–example“halvš²!es“the“size,‘ÒábMÞoth“horizon˜tally‘c•and“v˜ertically‘ÿe,‘Òáof“the“ rst“text“andŽ¡‘Gdoubles–¦fthe“size“of“the“second.ަ‘.ùœâ\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK–¿ªME}“and“\scalebox{2.0}{Eat“Me}ަ‘!GáIf–2y²!ou›2do“not˜spMÞecify“the˜optional“åv²!ertical˜factor‘û<áthen˜it“defaults˜to“the˜same“v‘ÿdDalue˜asŽ¡‘Gthe–¦fåhorizon²!tal“factorá.ަ‘!GY‘ÿeou–¦fcan“use“this“command“to“resize“a“graphic,“as“here.ަ‘.ùœâ\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}ަ‘GáIf–šyš²!ou“use‘šthe“âgraphicx“ápac˜k‘ÿdDage“then“y˜ou›šcan“accomplish“the“same˜thing“with“optionalŽ¡‘Gargumen²!ts–¦fto“â\includegraphics“á(see“Section“21.3.1“[â\áincludegraphics],“page“210).ަ‘!GThe–ÜÛâ\reflectbox›ÜÚácommand“abbreviates˜â\scalebox{-1}[1]{èmaterialâ}á.‘;Th²!us,‘*wâAbleŽ¡‘Gwas–¦fI\reflectbox{Able“was“I}–ááwill“shoš²!w“the‘âphrase“`âAble–¦fwas“Iá'–áimmediately“follo˜w˜edŽ¡‘Gbš²!y–¦fits“mirror“re 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ect“un²!til“the˜end“of“the“curren²!t˜group“or“en•²!vironmen“t.‘} Thisަ‘Gis–Ú¬sometimes›Ú­useful“when“writing“macros˜or“as“bMÞelo²!w˜where“it“colors“ev²!erything˜inside“theަ‘Gâcenter›¦fáen•²!vironmen“t,˜including˜the˜v“ertical˜and˜horizon“tal˜lines.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{center}‘¿ª\color{blue}ަ‘:xð\begin{tabular}{l|r}ަ‘EøDUL–¿ª&UR“\\“\hlineަ‘EøDLL‘¿ª&LRަ‘:xð\end{tabular}ަ‘.ùœ\end{center}Ž©Â‘!GáY‘ÿeou–¦fcan“use“color“in“equations.‘ÝÝA“doMÞcumenš²!t“migh˜t“ha˜v˜e“this“de nition“in“the“pream˜bleŽ¡‘.ùœâ\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}ަ‘Gáand–¦fthen“con²!tain“this“equation.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{equation}ޤ 33‘:xð\int_a^b‘¿ª\textcolor{highlightcolor}{f (x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{equation}ŽŸÂ‘!GáT²!ypically–)the›(colors“used˜in“a˜doMÞcumen²!t“are˜declared“in˜a“class˜or“st²!yle˜but“sometimesŽ¡‘Gy•²!ou›¦fw“an“t˜a˜one-o .‘ÝÝThose˜are˜the˜second˜forms˜in˜the˜synopses.ަ‘.ùœâColors–¿ªof“\textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple}“andŽ¡‘.ùœ{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold}–¿ªfor“the“team.ŽŸÂ‘!GáThe–sÀformat›s¿of“åcolor˜spšMÞeci cation“ádep˜ends“on‘s¿the“color“mo˜del›s¿(see“Section˜22.2“[ColorŽ¡‘GmoMÞdels],–¦fpage“217).‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“instance,“while“ârgb“átakš²!es“three“n˜um˜bMÞers,“âgray“átak˜es“only“one.ަ‘.ùœâThe–¿ªselection“was“\textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed“out}.ޤ‘!GáColors–¦finside“colors“do“not“com•²!bine.‘ÝÝTh“usަ‘.ùœâ\textcolor{green}{kind–¿ªof“\textcolor{blue}{blue}}Ž¡‘Gáhas–¦fa“ nal“wš²!ord“that“is“blue,“not“a“com˜bination“of“blue“and“green.ŽŽŒ‹Ü ¬ÛŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f22:‘ÝÝColor’Iˆ¸220ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëm22.3.3‘d(Colored‘íMbio–áxesŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:ޤ33‘.ùœâ\colorbox{ènameâ}{...}Ž© 33‘.ùœ\colorbox[èmodel–¿ªnameâ]{èbox“background“colorâ}{...}Ž¡‘GáorŽ¡‘.ùœâ\fcolorbox{èframe–¿ªcolorâ}{èbox“background“colorâ}{...}ަ‘.ùœ\fcolorbox[èmodel–¿ªnameâ]{èframe“colorâ}{èbox“background“colorâ}{...}Ž¡‘!GáMakš²!e–}ça“bMÞo˜x“with“the“stated“bac˜kground“color.‘Ð]The“â\fcolorbox“ácommand“puts“a“frameަ‘Garound–¦fthe“bMÞo²!x.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“instance“thisŽ¡‘.ùœâName:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}Ž¡‘Gámakš²!es–æ>a“cy˜an-colored“bMÞo˜x“that“is“ v˜e“cen˜timeters‘æ?long“and“gets“its“depth“and“heigh˜t“fromަ‘Gthe–Zâ\strut›Zá(so“the“depth˜is“â-.3\baselineskip“áand˜the“heigh²!t˜is“â\baselineskipá).‘øìThisަ‘Gputs–¦fwhite“text“on“a“blue“bac²!kground.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome–¿ªto“the“machine.}}Ž¡‘!GáThe–©â\fcolorbox›©ácommands“use˜the“same˜parameters“as“â\fbox˜á(see“Section˜20.2“[â\áfbMÞo²!xަ‘G&–-Iâ\áframebMÞo²!x],‘Eƒpage“200),›E‚â\fboxrule‘-Jáand“â\fboxsepá,˜to›-Jset“the“thic²!kness˜of“the“rule˜and“theަ‘Gb•MÞoundary›KÀb“et•²!w“een‘K¿the˜bMÞo“x‘K¿in“terior˜and–K¿the˜surrounding“rule.‘ÍêLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's“defaults˜are“â0.4ptަ‘Gáand–¦fâ3ptá,“respMÞectiv²!ely‘ÿe.Ž¡‘!GThis–‰example›‰c²!hanges“the˜thic²!kness“of˜the“bMÞorder˜to“0.8˜pMÞoin²!ts.‘~ÄNote˜that“it˜is“surroundedަ‘Gbš²!y–¦fcurly“braces“so“that“the“c˜hange“ends“at“the“end“of“the“second“line.Ž¡‘.ùœâ{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}ަ‘.ùœ\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under–¿ªno“circumstances“turn“this“knob.}}ŽŸ‘Gëm22.3.4‘d(Colored‘íMpagesŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopses:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\pagecolor{ènameâ}ަ‘.ùœ\pagecolor[ècolor–¿ªmodelâ]{ècolor“specificationâ}ަ‘.ùœ\nopagecolorŽ¡‘!GáThe–h rst“t•²!w“o–hset›gthe“bac²!kground“of“the“page,‘Ç(and“all˜subsequen²!t“pages,‘Ç(to“the“color.ަ‘GF‘ÿeor–_3an›_2explanation“of˜the“spMÞeci cation˜in“the“second˜form“see˜Section“22.3.2˜[Colored“text],ަ‘Gpage–MÔ218.‘ÀWThe›MÓthird“returns˜the“bac²!kground“to˜normal,‘_‹whic²!h˜is“a˜transparenš²!t“bac˜kground.ަ‘G(If–ythat“is“not“suppMÞorted›zuse“â\pagecolor{white}á,‘=½although“that˜will“makš²!e“a“white“bac˜k-ަ‘Gground–¦frather“than“the“default“transparenš²!t“bac˜kground.)Ž¡‘4¹Fâ...ަ‘.ùœ\pagecolor{cyan}ަ‘4¹F...ަ‘.ùœ\nopagecolorŽŽŒ‹Ý ·œŸò’³C1á221ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ23‘ ¸QSp‘Š=ecial‘z³insertionsŽŽŸ 34‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–yÈpro²!vides›yÇcommands“for˜inserting“c²!haracters“that˜ha•²!v“e–yÈa˜spMÞecial“meaning˜do“notޤ 33‘GcorrespMÞond–¦fto“simple“cš²!haracters“y˜ou“can“t˜ypMÞe.ŽŸ‘Gëc23.1‘™PrinšŒÌting–f@sps3ecial“c˜haractersŽŽŸ33‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–Äsets“aside›Ãa“few“c²!haracters“for“sp•MÞecial˜purp“oses;‘Qóthey–Äare˜called“reservš²!ed“c˜haractersŽ¡‘Gor–¦fspMÞecial“c²!haracters.‘ÝÝHere“they“are:ޤˆ‰‘.ùœâ#–¿ª$“%“&“{“}“_“~“^“\Ž¡‘!GáThe–Þmeaning›Þof“all˜the“spMÞecial˜cš²!haracters“is“giv˜en›Þelsewhere“in˜this“man²!ual˜(see“[Reserv²!edŽ© 33‘Gc²!haracters],–¦fpage“6).Ž¡‘!GIf–_ûyš²!ou“w˜an˜t“a“reserv˜ed‘_üc˜haracter“to“bMÞe“prin˜ted“as“itself,‘nin“the“text“b•MÞo“dy–_ûfon˜t,‘nfor“all“butަ‘Gthe–; nal›:three“c²!haracters“in“that˜list“simply“put“a˜â\“áin“fron²!t˜of“the“c•²!haracter.‘ÑyTh“us,‘ˆªt“ypingަ‘Gâ\$1.23–¦fáwill“proMÞduce“â$1.23“áin“y²!our“output.ŽŸˆˆ‘!GAs–õÆto›õÇthe“last“three“c²!haracters,‘ Ÿto“get“a˜tilde“in“the˜text“b•MÞo“dy–õÆfon²!t“use˜â\~{}“á(omittingަ‘Gthe– curly›Ÿbraces“w²!ould˜result“in“the˜next“c²!haracter˜receiving“a“tilde˜accen²!t).‘ŠSimilarly‘ÿe,‘!.toަ‘Gget–Ú.a›Ú-text“b•MÞo“dy˜fon²!t–Ú.circum ex˜use“â\^{}á.‘y4T‘ÿeo˜get“a˜bac²!kslash“in˜the“fon²!t˜of“the˜text“b•MÞo“dy‘ÿe,ަ‘Gen²!ter‘¦fâ\textbackslash{}á.Ž¡‘!GT‘ÿeo–!]proMÞduce“the‘!\reservš²!ed“c˜haracters“in“a‘!\t˜ypMÞewriter“fon˜t,‘€use“â\verb!!‘!\áas“bMÞelo˜w“(theަ‘Gâ\newline–¦fáin“the“example“is“there“only“to“split“the“lines“in“the“output).Ž¡‘.ùœâ\begin{center}ަ‘:xð\#–¿ª\$“\%“\&“\{“\}“\_“\~{}“\^{}“\textbackslash“\newlineަ‘:xð\verb!#–¿ª$“%“&“{“}“_“~“^“\!ަ‘.ùœ\end{center}ŽŸ‘Gëc23.2‘™Upps3er–f@and“lo•ŒÌw“er‘f@caseŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸˆˆ‘.ùœâ\uppercase{ètextâ}ަ‘.ùœ\lowercase{ètextâ}ަ‘.ùœ\MakeUppercase{ètextâ}ަ‘.ùœ\MakeLowercase{ètextâ}Ž¡‘!GáChange–!äthe“case‘!ãof“cš²!haracters.‘PVThe“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“primitiv˜e“commands‘!ãâ\uppercase“áandަ‘Gâ\lowercase–MQáare“set“up“bš²!y“default“to“w˜ork“only“with“the“26“letters“a{z“and“A{Z.“Theަ‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–R commands“â\MakeUppercase“áand“â\MakeLowercase‘Rácommands“also“cš²!hange“c˜haractersަ‘Gaccessed–µbš²!y‘¶commands“suc˜h›¶as“â\ae“áor˜â\aaá.‘4ËThe“commands˜â\MakeUppercase“áandަ‘Gâ\MakeLowercase–n}áare›n~robust“but“they“ha•²!v“e˜mo“ving›n}argumen“ts˜(see˜Section‘n~12.11˜[â\áprotect],ަ‘Gpage‘¦f124).Ž¡‘!GThese–Çmcommands“do“not“c²!hange“the“case“of‘Çlletters“used“in“the“name“of“a“command“withinަ‘Gåtextá.‘†pBut– they“do“cš²!hange“the“case“of‘ ev˜ery“other“Latin“letter“inside“the“argumen˜t“åtextá.‘†pTh˜us,ަ‘Gâ\MakeUppercase{Let–¦f$y=f(x)$êg‘åÍáproMÞduces›åÎ`âLET“Y=F(X)á'.‘ œAnother˜example–åÍis˜that“theަ‘Gname–æmof›ænan“en•²!vironmen“t–æmwill“bMÞe˜c²!hanged,‘önso˜that“â\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular}‘¦f...ަ‘G\end{tabular}}–qáwill›qproMÞduce“an˜error“bMÞecause˜the“ rst“half˜is“c²!hanged˜to“â\begin{TABULAR}á.ŽŽŒ‹Þ ÁDŸò‘GáChapter–¦f23:‘ÝÝSpMÞecial“insertions’ˆ}222ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–†÷uses“the“same“ xed“table‘†øfor“cš²!hanging“case“throughout“a“doMÞcumen˜t,‘¿The“tableޤ 33‘Gused–³is“designed›³œfor“the“fon²!t“encoMÞding“T1;‘º8this˜wš²!orks“w˜ell“with“the“standard‘³œT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“fon˜ts“forŽ¡‘Gall–¦fLatin“alphabšMÞets“but“will“cause“problems“when“using“other“alphab˜ets.ީ兑!GT‘ÿeo–«ec²!hange“the›«dcase“of“text“that˜results“from“a“macro˜inside“åtext‘èeáy²!ou“need˜to“do“expansion.Ž¡‘GHere–¦fthe“â\Schoolname“áproMÞduces“`âCOLLEGE“OF“MATHEMATICSá'.ŽŸå„‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\schoolname}{College–¿ªof“Mathematics}Ž¡‘.ùœ\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercaseŽ¡’Ê0Š\expandafter{\schoolname}}ަ‘!GáThe–"yâtextcase›"zápac²!k‘ÿdDage“brings˜some“of“the˜missing“feature“of˜the“standard˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“com-Ž¡‘Gmands–¦fâ\MakeUppercase“áand“â\MakeLowerCaseá.ަ‘!GT‘ÿeo–¦fuppMÞercase“only“the“ rst“letter“of“wš²!ords,“y˜ou“can“use“the“pac˜k‘ÿdDage“âmfirstucá.ީ儑!GHandling––all›–žthe“casing“rules“spMÞeci ed˜b²!y“UnicoMÞde,›™Åe.g.,‘™Æfor“non-Latin“scripts,˜is‘–ža“m•²!uc“hŽ¡‘Gbigger–°´job“than‘°µanš²!ything“en˜visioned“in“the“original‘°µT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X“and“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X.‘‹÷It‘°µhas“bMÞeen“implemen²!tedŽ¡‘Gin–Ì the“âexpl3“ápacš²!k‘ÿdDage“as‘Ì of“2020.‘NÉThe“article“\Case“c˜hanging:‘)&F‘ÿerom“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“primitiv˜es“to“theŽ¡‘GUnicoMÞde–>,algorithm",›S(Joseph“W‘ÿerigh²!t,˜åTUGbMÞoat‘{,á41:1,˜âhttps://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/Ž¡‘Gtb127wright-case.pdfá),–¦fgivš²!es“a“go•MÞo“d–¦fo˜v˜erview“of“the“topic,“past“and“presen˜t.ŽŸ"‹{‘Gëc23.3‘™Sym•ŒÌbs3ols›f@b“y˜fon“t˜ps3ositionŽŽŸ33‘GáY‘ÿeou–ä²can“access“an•²!y‘ä±c“haracter–ä²of“the“currenš²!t“fon˜t“using“its“n˜um˜bMÞer‘ä±with“the“â\symbol“ácom-Ž¡‘Gmand.‘ ¡.F‘ÿeor–<Öexample,‘¢rthe›<×visible“space“c²!haracter˜used“in˜the“â\verb*“ácommand˜has“theŽ¡‘GcošMÞde–ú¤decimal“32“in“the“standard‘ú£Computer“Mo˜dern“t²!yp˜ewriter“fon²!t,‘³so“it“can“b˜e“t²!yp˜ed“asŽ¡‘Gâ\symbol{32}á.ަ‘!GY‘ÿeou–R can‘R also“spšMÞecify“n•²!um“b˜ers‘R in–R o˜ctal“(base“8)›R b²!y“using“a˜â “ápre x,‘bëor˜hexadecimal“(baseŽ¡‘G16)–âYwith“a›âZâ"“ápre x,‘ 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X“ap-Ž¡‘Kâ:proš²!ximation–¦fis“a“regular“ASCIMÞI“h˜yphen“(with“breaks“disallo˜w˜ed“after).ŽŸzá‘Gâ\textordfeminineŽ¡‘G\textordmasculineŽ¡ŸûI‘Kâ:­aŽ‘Kâ:Ÿ™”‰fe@ŽŽ‘P">á,ŸûI‘¦f­oŽ‘¦fŸ™”‰fe@ŽŽ‘ ŒÐáF‘ÿeeminine–¦fand“masculine“ordinal“sym²!bMÞols.ަ‘Gâ\textperiodcenteredŽ¡‘Kâ:ê–¦fáCen²!tered“p•MÞerio“d.ŽŸzá‘Gâ\textquestiondown–¦fá(or“â?á)Ž¡‘Kâ:>–¦fUpside“do²!wn“question“mark.ަ‘Gâ\textquotedblleft–¦fá(or“âá)Ž¡‘Kâ:\–¦fDouble“left“quote.ަ‘Gâ\textquotedblright–¦fá(or“â á)Ž¡‘Kâ:"–¦fDouble“righ²!t“quote.ŽŸzá‘Gâ\textquoteleft–¦fá(or“âá)Ž¡‘Kâ:`–¦fSingle“left“quote.ަ‘Gâ\textquoteright–¦fá(or“â á)Ž¡‘Kâ:'–¦fSingle“righ²!t“quote.ŽŸzá‘Gâ\textquotesingleŽ¡‘Oˆ áStraigh²!t–¦fsingle“quote.‘ÝÝ(F‘ÿerom“TS1“encoMÞding.)ަ‘Gâ\textquotestraightbaseŽ¡‘G\textquotestraightdblbaseŽ¡‘Kâ:áSingle–¦fand“double“straigh²!t“quotes“on“the“baseline.ŽŽŒ‹â ë’Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f23:‘ÝÝSpMÞecial“insertions’ˆ}226ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\textregisteredޤ 33Ÿü¾‘N;wž«‚­RŽŽŽ‘Kâ:ê ŽŽŽŽ‘ZûÕáRegistered‘¦fsym²!bMÞol.Ž©{–‘Gâ\textrightarrowŽ¡‘Oˆ áRigh•²!t‘¦farro“w.ŽŸ{—‘Gâ\textthreequartersemdashŽ¡‘Oˆ á\Three-quarters"–¦fem-dash,“bMÞet•²!w“een–¦fen-dash“and“em-dash.ަ‘Gâ\texttrademarkŽ¡‘Kâ:Ÿü¾áTMŽ‘aúÄT‘ÿerademark‘¦fsym²!bMÞol.ŽŸ{—‘Gâ\texttwelveudashŽ¡‘Oˆ á\Twš²!o-thirds"–¦fem-dash,“bMÞet˜w˜een“en-dash“and“em-dash.ަ‘Gâ\textunderscoreŽ¡‘L¦x‰x³HøŽ‘TZáUnderscore.ަ‘Gâ\textvisiblespaceŽ¡‘Oˆ áVisible–¦fspace“sym²!bMÞol.ŽŸHd‘Gëc23.5‘™AccenŒÌtsŽŽŸ33‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–ðMhas›ðNwide“suppMÞort“for“man²!y˜of“the“w²!orld's“scripts˜and“languages,‘¸pro²!vided˜through“theŽ¡‘Gcore–ÄÜâbabel“ápac•²!k‘ÿdDage,‘Ìywhic“h–ÄÜsuppšMÞorts“p˜dfLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ–ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X,‘ÌzXeLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ“áT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X–ÄÜand“LuaLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X.‘9?The“âpolyglossiaŽ¡‘Gápac•²!k‘ÿdDage›¦fpro“vides˜similar˜suppMÞort˜with˜the˜latter˜t“w“o˜engines.ŽŸ×d‘!GThis–¯5section“došMÞes‘¯6not“co•²!v“er–¯5that“supp˜ort.‘øKIt“only“lists“the“core‘¯6LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“commands“forŽ¡‘Gcreating–M¤accenš²!ted“c˜haracters.‘ÀHThe“â\capital...“ácommands“sho˜wn‘M¥here“proMÞduce“alternativ˜eŽ¡‘Gforms–¦ffor“use“with“capital“letters.‘ÝÝThese“are“not“a²!v‘ÿdDailable“with“OT1.ޤ×e‘!GBeloš²!w,–¦fto“mak˜e“them“easier“to“ nd,“the“accen˜ts“are“all“illustrated“with“lo˜w˜ercase“`âoá'.Ž¡‘!GNote–½Ìthat“â\i‘½ÍáprošMÞduces“a“dotless“i,‘æand“â\j“ápro˜duces“a›½Ídotless“j.‘$These“are˜often“used“inޤ 33‘Gplace–¦fof“their“dotted“counš²!terparts“when“they“are“accen˜ted.ަ‘Gâ\"Ž¡‘G\capitaldieresisŽ¡‘Kâ:á‘ú†fo–¦fUmlaut“(dieresis).ަ‘Gâ\ Ž¡‘G\capitalacuteŽ¡‘Kâ:á‘ú†fo–¦fAcute“accen²!t.ŽŸ{—‘Gâ\.‘/‰á_‘û½Ýo–¦fDot“accen²!t.ަ‘Gâ\=Ž¡‘G\capitalmacronŽ¡‘Kâ:á‘ú†fo–¦fMacron“(o•²!v“erbar)‘¦faccen“t.ŽŸ{—‘Gâ\^Ž¡‘G\capitalcircumflexŽ¡‘Kâ:á^‘ú†fo–¦fCircum ex“(hat)“accen²!t.ަ‘Gâ\Ž¡‘G\capitalgraveŽ¡‘Kâ:á‘ú†fo›¦fGra•²!v“e˜accen“t.ŽŽŒ‹ã ôÁŸò‘GáChapter–¦f23:‘ÝÝSpMÞecial“insertions’ˆ}227ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\~ޤ 33‘G\capitaltildeŽ¡‘L0á~‘ú8ˆn–¦fTilde“accen²!t.Ž©!e‘Gâ\b‘.QŸáoŽŽŸŸF6‘.QŸŽŽŽŽŽ‘7qŸBar–¦faccen²!t“underneath.ŽŸªK‘Kâ:Related–=/to“this,‘bàâ\underbar{ètextâ}“áproMÞduces“a“bar“under“åtextá.‘¢7The“argumen²!tŽ¡‘Kâ:is›íûalw•²!a“ys˜pro•MÞcessed˜in˜LR‘íémo“de˜(see˜Chapter˜17˜[Mo“des],‘ÿápage˜179).‘´œThe˜barŽ¡‘Kâ:is›gÎalw•²!a“ys–gÍa˜ xed˜pMÞosition“under˜the˜baseline,‘tRth²!us˜crossing“through˜descenders.Ž¡‘Kâ:See–¦falso“â\underline“áin“[Ov²!er-“and“Underlining],“page“172.ަ‘Gâ\cŽ¡‘G\capitalcedillaŽ¡‘Kâ:á‘û""c–¦fCedilla“accen²!t“underneath.ަ‘Gâ\dŽ¡‘G\capitaldotaccentŽ¡‘Kâ:áoŽŽŸUŸ‘M².ŽŽŽ‘U:Dot–¦faccen²!t“underneath.ŽŸ!d‘Gâ\HŽ¡‘G\capitalhungarumlautŽ¡‘Kâ:á}‘ú†fo–¦fLong“Hungarian“umlaut“accen²!t.ަ‘Gâ\kŽ¡‘G\capitalogonekŽ¡‘M ë{ ‘û¾ão–¦fáOgonek.‘ÝÝNot“a²!v‘ÿdDailable“in“the“OT1“encoMÞding.ަ‘Gâ\rŽ¡‘G\capitalringŽ¡‘JƒÓá‘ù(o–¦fRing“accen²!t.ŽŸ!d‘Gâ\tŽ¡‘G\capitaltieŽ¡‘G\newtieŽ¡‘G\capitalnewtieŽ¡‘Këöé‘üë™áoo–£áTie-after“accenš²!t“(used“for“transliterating‘£àfrom“Cyrillic,‘¤bsuc˜h“as“in“the“ALA-Ž¡‘Kâ:LC‘h˜romanization).‘ %ÏIt–i expMÞects“that“the“argumenš²!t‘i has“t˜w˜o“c˜haracters.‘ %ÏTheŽ¡‘Kâ:â\newtie–¦fáform“is“cenš²!tered“in“its“bMÞo˜x.ަ‘Gâ\uŽ¡‘G\capitalbreveŽ¡‘Kâ:á‘ú†fo–¦fBrevš²!e“accen˜t.ަ‘Gâ\vŽ¡‘G\capitalcaronŽ¡‘Kâ:á–ú†fo›¦fH“a²"‘úÔDcek˜(c•²!hec“k,˜caron)˜accen“t.ŽŸî1‘Gëm23.5.1‘d(ëp\accentŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ޤªL‘.ùœâ\accent–¿ªènumber“characterŽ¡‘!GáA‘fT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X‘fprimitivš²!e–fcommand“used“to“generate“accen˜ted“c˜haracters‘ffrom“accen˜t“marks“andޤ 33‘Gletters.‘ý@The–1accen²!t›2mark“is˜selected“b•²!y˜ån“um“bMÞerá,‘$a˜n“umeric‘1argumen“t,‘$follo“w“ed˜b“y‘1a˜spaceŽ¡‘Gand–¦fthen“a“åc•²!haracter‘oáargumen“t–¦fto“construct“the“accenš²!ted“c˜haracter“in“the“curren˜t“fon˜t.ŽŽŒ‹ä ýVŸò‘GáChapter–¦f23:‘ÝÝSpMÞecial“insertions’ˆ}228ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GThese–¦fare“accenš²!ted“`âeá'“c˜haracters.Ž©—*‘.ùœâ\accent18‘¿ªeޤ 33‘.ùœ\accent20‘¿ªeŽ¡‘.ùœ\accent21‘¿ªeŽ¡‘.ùœ\accent22‘¿ªeŽ¡‘.ùœ\accent23‘¿ªeŽŸ—)‘GáThe–SÀ rst“is“a‘S¿gra•²!v“e,›the–SÀsecond“a“caron,˜the“third“a“brev²!e,˜the‘S¿fourth“a“macron,˜and“theŽ¡‘G fth–¦fa“ring“abMÞo•²!v“e.ަ‘!GThe–°žpMÞosition“of‘°Ÿthe“accenš²!t“is“determined“b˜y‘°Ÿthe“fon˜t“designer“and“so‘°Ÿthe“outcome“ofŽ¡‘Gâ\accent–¼ûáuse›¼úma²!y“di er˜bMÞet•²!w“een›¼ûfon“ts.‘!šIn˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¼úit˜is“desirable˜to“ha•²!v“e˜glyphs‘¼úfor˜accen“tedŽ¡‘Gc²!haracters–#Ûrather›#Üthan“building˜them“using“â\accentá.‘²ZUsing“glyphs˜that“already˜con²!tain“theŽ¡‘Gaccen•²!ted›?c“haracters˜(as˜in˜T1˜encoMÞding)˜allo“ws˜correct˜h“yphenation˜whereas˜â\accent˜ádis-Ž¡‘Gables–rhš²!yphenation“(spMÞeci cally‘rwith“OT1“fon˜t“encoMÞding“where“accen˜ted‘rglyphs“are“absen˜t).ŽŸ—)‘!GThere–\œcan“bMÞe“an“optional“fonš²!t“c˜hange“bMÞet˜w˜een“ån˜um˜bMÞer‘%Åáand“åc˜haracterá.‘Note“also“thatŽ¡‘Gthis–¦fcommand“sets“the“â\spacefactor“áto“1000“(see“Section“19.5“[â\áspacefactor],“page“188).ަ‘!GAn›äFuna•²!v“oidable˜c“haracteristic˜of‘äGsome˜Cyrillic˜letters˜and˜the˜ma‘›»jorit“y‘äGof˜accen“ted˜Cyril-Ž¡‘Glic–Í letters“is“that“they‘Í mš²!ust“bMÞe“assem˜bled“from“m˜ultiple“elemen˜ts“(accen˜ts,–Ö²moMÞdi ers,“etc.)Ž¡‘Gwhile–`çâ\accent›`èápro²!vides“for˜a“single˜accen²!t“mark˜and“a˜single“letter˜com²!bination.‘ƳThere“areŽ¡‘Galso–ã!cases“where‘ã"accenš²!ts“m˜ust“appšMÞear“b˜et•²!w“een–ã!letters‘ã"that“â\áaccen²!t“do˜es“not“supp˜ort.‘”StillŽ¡‘Gother–ßcases“exist‘Þwhere“the“letters“I›¸and“J˜ha•²!v“e–ßdots“abMÞo•²!v“e›ßtheir‘Þlo“w“ercase˜coun“terparts˜thatŽ¡‘Gcon 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cmcsc10çOT1“áencoMÞding,‘À¦y²!ou“need˜theŽ¡‘Kâ:âfontenc–¦fápacš²!k‘ÿdDage“to“select“an“alternate“fon˜t“encoMÞding,“suc˜h“as“çT1á.ަ‘Gâ\djŽ¡‘G\DJ‘(‘õáCrossed–QHd›QGand“D,“a.k.a.˜capital“and“small˜letter“d“with˜strokš²!e.‘Þ‚Not“a˜v‘ÿdDailableŽ¡‘Kâ:with–»‚çOT1›»áencoMÞding,‘ÀÈy²!ou“need˜the“âfontenc˜ápac²!k‘ÿdDage“to˜select“an˜alternate“fon²!tŽ¡‘Kâ:encoMÞding,–¦fsuc²!h“as“çT1á.ŽŸû!‘Gâ\ijŽ¡‘G\IJ‘(‘õáij–¦fand“IJ“(except“somewhat“closer“together“than“appMÞears“here).ަ‘Gâ\lŽ¡‘G\L‘.QŸë{€ª–¦fáand“ë{€Šá.ަ‘Gâ\ngŽ¡‘G\NG‘(‘õáLappish–¦fletter“eng,“also“used“in“phonetics.ŽŽŒ‹å @Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f23:‘ÝÝSpMÞecial“insertions’ˆ}229ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\oޤ 33‘G\O‘.QŸá–¦fand“.Ž©«B‘Gâ\oeŽ¡‘G\OE‘(‘õá–¦fand“.ŽŸ«A‘Gâ\ssŽ¡‘G\SS‘(‘õá–¦fand“SS.ަ‘Gâ\thŽ¡‘G\TH‘(‘õáIcelandic–POletter›PPthorn:‘1°ë{€þ“áand“ë{€Þá.‘ÛšNot“a²!v‘ÿdDailable“with˜çOT1“áencoMÞding,‘zÊy²!ou“needŽ¡‘Kâ:the–¦fâfontenc“ápacš²!k‘ÿdDage“to“select“an“alternate“fon˜t“encoMÞding,“suc˜h“as“çT1á.ŽŸ ´‘Gëc23.7‘™ëginputenc‘f@ëcpacŒÌk‘ÿ™ageŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸ«A‘.ùœâ\usepackage[èencoding-nameâ]{inputenc}Ž©«B‘!GáDeclare–οthe›ξinput“ le's“text˜encoMÞding“to˜bšMÞe“åenco˜ding-nameá.‘Vç(F‘ÿeor“basic‘ξbac²!kground,‘ØÕseeŽ¡‘GSection–X·2.4.1›X¶[Input“encoMÞdings],‘h@page˜5).‘ÃøThe“default,‘h@if˜this“pac²!k‘ÿdDage˜is“not˜loaded,‘h@is“UTF-Ž¡‘G8.‘D¡T–ÿeec²!hnically“,‘Ñ8sp•MÞecifying›ȧthe‘Ȩenco“ding˜name˜is–Ȩoptional,‘Ñ7but“in˜practice˜it“is˜not“useful˜toŽ¡‘Gomit‘¦fit.ަ‘!GThe–cŒâinputenc›c‹ápac²!k‘ÿdDage“tells˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“what˜encoMÞding“is“used.‘MF‘ÿeor“instance,‘’Ôthe“follo²!wingŽ¡‘Gcommand–¦fexplicitly“saš²!ys“that“the“input“ le“is“UTF-8“(note“the“lac˜k“of“a“dash).ŽŸ«A‘.ùœâ\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}ަ‘!GáThe–œmost“common“v‘ÿdDalues“for“åencoMÞding-name‘-£áare:‘²Jâasciiá,‘ (âlatin1á,– )âlatin2á,“âlatin3á,Ž¡‘Gâlatin4á,–¦fâlatin5á,“âlatin9á,“âlatin10á,“âutf8á.ަ‘!GCaution:‘^Ÿuse–æÇâinputenc“áonly“with“the‘æÈpMÞdfT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ›B X“engine“(see“Section“2.3“[T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ˜X“engines],Ž¡‘Gpage–ŠÈ3);‘“üwith“âxelatex“áor“âlualatexá,‘Mdeclaring“a“non-UTF-8“encoMÞding‘ŠÇwith“âinputencá,‘Nsuc²!hŽ¡‘Gas–¦fâlatin1á,“will“get“the“error“âinputenc“is“not“designed“for“xetex“or“luatexá.ŽŸ«A‘!GAn–yüâinputenc‘yûápacš²!k‘ÿdDage“error“suc˜h›yûas“âInvalid–¦fUTF-8“byte“"96˜ámeans–yüthat“some˜of“theŽ¡‘Gmaterial–›¬in“the“input“ le“došMÞes“not“follo²!w‘›­the“enco˜ding“sc²!heme.‘½¯Often“these“errors“comeŽ¡‘Gfrom–Üæcop²!ying›Üåmaterial“from˜a“doMÞcumen²!t˜that“uses“a˜di eren²!t“encoMÞding˜than“the˜input“ le.Ž¡‘GThe–Ï(simplest“solution“is›Ï'often“to“replace“the“non-UTF-8“c²!haracter“with˜a“UTF-8“or“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B XŽ¡‘Gequiv‘ÿdDalen²!t.ަ‘!GIf–>œy²!ou›>›need“to˜proMÞcess“a˜non-UTF-8“doMÞcumen²!t˜with“LuaT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,‘$§y²!ou“can˜use“theŽ¡‘Gâluainputenc– o•ápac²!k‘ÿdDage‘ o”(âhttps://ctan.org/pkg/luainputencá).‘9iWith“XeT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,‘ áÞtheŽ¡‘Gâ\XeTeXinputencoding–‘áand›‘â\XeTeXdefaultencoding“áprimitiv²!es“can˜bMÞe“used˜(for“anŽ¡‘Gexplanation–¦fand“examples,“see“âhttps://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948á).ŽŸ«A‘!GIt's–£also‘¢pšMÞossible“to“re-enco˜de“a‘¢do˜cumen²!t“from“an‘¢8-bit“enco˜ding“to“UTF-8‘¢outside“ofŽ¡‘GT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,›؆using–΀system‘Îutilities.‘V*F‘ÿeor“example,˜`ârecode›¦flatin1..utf8á'‘Îor“`âiconv˜-f˜latin1˜-tŽ¡‘Gutf8á'.ަ‘!GIn–lna“few›lmdoMÞcumen•²!ts,‘ðsuc“h˜as–lna“collection“of˜journal“articles“from“a˜v‘ÿdDariet²!y“of“authors,Ž¡‘Gc²!hanging– the‘ encošMÞding“in“mid-do˜cumen•²!t‘ ma“y– b˜e“necessary–ÿe.‘ JÍY“ou– can“use‘ the“commandŽ¡‘Gâ\inputencoding{èencoding-nameâ}–¦fáfor“this.ŽŽŒ‹æ ‰Ÿò‘GáChapter–¦f23:‘ÝÝSpMÞecial“insertions’ˆ}230ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëc23.8‘™ëg\ruleŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ޤ33‘.ùœâ\rule{èwidthâ}{èthicknessâ}Ž© 33‘.ùœ\rule[èraiseâ]{èwidthâ}{èthicknessâ}Ž¡‘!GáProMÞduce–¦fa“åruleá,“a“ lled-in“rectangle.Ž¡‘!GThis–Åexample›ÄproMÞduces“a˜rectangular“blob,‘>sometimes“called˜a“Halmos˜sym²!bMÞol,‘>or“justަ‘G\qed",–¦foften“used“to“mark“the“end“of“a“proMÞof:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}Ž¡‘GáThe–¦fâamsthm“ápacš²!k‘ÿdDage“includes“this“command,“with“a“somewhat“di eren˜t-loMÞoking“sym˜bMÞol.Ž¡‘!GThe–Ø]mandatory“argumenš²!ts“giv˜e“the“horizon˜tal‘Ø^åwidth“áand“v˜ertical“åthic˜kness‘Kßáof“the“rect-ަ‘Gangle.‘ÂíThey–U”are“rigid“lengths›U•(see“Chapter“14“[Lengths],‘e¿page“139).‘ÂìThe˜optional“argumen²!tަ‘Gåraise‘†½áis–éµalso›é¶a“rigid˜length,‘ú‰and˜tells˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“ho•²!w˜m“uc“h–éµto˜raise˜the“rule˜abMÞo•²!v“e‘éµthe˜baseline,ަ‘Gor›¦flo•²!w“er˜it˜if˜the˜length˜is˜negativ“e.Ž¡‘!GThis–¦fproMÞduces“a“line,“a“rectangle“that“is“wide“but“not“tall.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt}Ž¡‘GáThe–ºžline›ºis“the˜width“of˜the“page˜and“0.4˜pMÞoin²!ts“tall.‘ƒThis“line˜thic²!kness“is˜common“inަ‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X.Ž¡‘!GA‘Urule›rthat–qhas“zero˜width,‘/ôor“zero˜thic²!kness,‘/ôwill“not˜sho²!w“up˜in“the“output,‘/õbut“canަ‘Gcause–;éLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“to“c²!hange“the“output“around“it.‘ žfSee“Section“19.13“[â\ástrut],›¡Ipage“195,˜forަ‘Gexamples.ŽŸ‘Gëc23.9‘™ëg\todayŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\todayŽ¡‘!GáPro•MÞduce›·ato“da²!y's˜date‘·bin˜the˜format˜`èmonth–¦fddâ,“èyyyyá'.‘ÏAn˜example˜of˜a‘·bdate˜in˜thatަ‘Gformat–¦fis“`âJuly“4,“1976á'.Ž¡‘!GMultilingual›ªpac•²!k‘ÿdDages‘ªsuc“h˜as˜âbabel–ªáor˜âpolyglossiaá,‘ëor“classes˜suc²!h˜as“âlettreá,‘ëwillަ‘GloMÞcalize–¦fâ\todayá.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“example,“the“follo²!wing“will“output“`â4“juillet“1976á':Ž¡‘.ùœâ\year=1976–¿ª\month=7“\day=4ަ‘.ùœ\documentclass{minimal}ަ‘.ùœ\usepackage[french]{babel}ަ‘.ùœ\begin{document}ަ‘.ùœ\todayަ‘.ùœ\end{document}Ž¡‘G\today–r|áuses“the“counš²!ters“â\dayá,–¥â\monthá,“and–r|â\year“á(see‘r{Section“13.8“[â\áda˜y“&“â\ámon˜th“&ަ‘Gâ\áy²!ear],–¦fpage“138).Ž¡‘!GA›ßn•²!um“bMÞer–úof“pac²!k‘ÿdDage‘ùon“CT‘ÿeAN˜wš²!ork“with“dates.‘˜One“is“âdatetime‘ùápac˜k‘ÿdDage“whic˜h“canަ‘GproMÞduce–¦fa“wide“v‘ÿdDariet²!y“of“date“formats,“including“ISO“standards.Ž¡‘!GThe–rdate“is“not“upšMÞdated“as“the“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“pro˜cess“runs,‘¸5so“in“principle“the“date“could“b˜eަ‘Gincorrect–¦fb²!y“the“time“the“program“ nishes.ŽŽŒ‹ç RŸò’³C1á231ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ24‘ ¸QSplitting–z³the“inputŽŽŸr²‘GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X– Ãlets“yš²!ou‘ Âsplit“a“large“doMÞcumen˜t“in˜to“sev˜eral› Âsmaller“ones.‘ ôThis˜can“simplify“editingޤ 33‘Gor–¦falloš²!w“m˜ultiple“authors“to“w˜ork“on“the“doMÞcumen˜t.‘ÝÝIt“can“also“spšMÞeed“pro˜cessing.ŽŸ²‘!GRegardless–Lof‘Lhoš²!w“man˜y“separate“ les‘Ly˜ou“use,‘u†there“is“alw˜a˜ys“one‘LåroMÞot“ leá,‘u†on“whic˜hŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦fcompilation“starts.‘ÝÝThis“shoš²!ws“suc˜h“a“ le“with“ v˜e“included“ les.Ž©³‘.ùœâ\documentclass{book}Ž¡‘.ùœ\includeonly{‘ 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lename‘‚—áends˜with“`â.texá'“then“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜loMÞoks“for“the“ lename˜as“itŽ¡‘Gis.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–¦fexample,“thisަ‘.ùœâ\input{macros}ަ‘Gáwill–”åcause›”æLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“to˜ rst“loMÞok˜for“âmacros.texá.‘‚³If“it˜ nds“that˜ le“then˜it“proMÞcesses˜its“con•²!ten“tsŽ¡‘Gas–âˆthough²!t›â‰they“had˜bMÞeen“cop²!y-pasted˜in.‘’DIf“there˜is“no˜ le“of˜the“name˜âmacros.tex“áthenŽ¡‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X–¦ftries“the“name“âmacrosá,“without“an“extension.‘ÝÝ(This“maš²!y“v‘ÿdDary“b˜y“distribution.)ަ‘!GT‘ÿeo›Tlmak•²!e‘Tky“our˜doMÞcumen“t˜pMÞortable–Tkacross˜distributions“and˜platforms˜y²!ou“should˜a•²!v“oidŽ¡‘Gspaces–Ó‰in“the“ le›ÓŠnames.‘—“The“tradition“is˜to“instead“use“dashes“or“underscores.‘—”Nev²!ertheless,Ž¡‘Gfor–¦fthe“name“`âamo“amas“amatá',“this“wš²!orks“under“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“Liv˜e“on“GNU/Lin˜ux:ަ‘.ùœâ\input{"amo\space–¿ªamas\space“amat"}ަ‘!Gáand–¦fthis“wš²!orks“under“MiKT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“on“Windo˜ws:ަ‘.ùœâ\input{{"amo–¿ªamas“amat"}}ŽŽŒ‹ë HÄŸò’³C1á235ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘GëZ25‘ ¸QF‘þaGron–ÿuÂt/bac“k‘z³matterŽŽŸ.&ì‘Gëc25.1‘™T‘þ¦fable–f@of“con•ŒÌten“ts,–f@list“of“ gures,“list“of“tablesŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:Ž©¬‘.ùœâ\tableofcontentsޤ 33‘.ùœ\listoffiguresŽ¡‘.ùœ\listoftablesŽŸ¬ ‘!GáProMÞduce–t¢a“table“of›t¡con•²!ten“ts,‘è1or˜list–t¢of“ gures,‘è0or“list“of“tables.‘ HPut“the“commandŽ¡‘Gin–/;the›/vsecond“time“to“retrievš²!e“it.‘¦ In“the“ordinary“course“of“writing“a“doMÞcumen˜t“authors“runަ‘GLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›(ûa‘(ún•²!um“bMÞer˜of˜times,‘IŸbut˜y“ou˜ma“y–(únotice˜that“the˜ rst˜time“that˜y²!ou˜compile“a˜newަ‘GdoMÞcumenš²!t,‘Äóthe–¾×table‘¾Öof“con˜ten˜ts“page“will‘¾ÖbMÞe“empt˜y“except“for‘¾Öits“`âContentsá'“header.‘'/Justަ‘Grun–¦fLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“again.ŽŸ× ‘!GThe–^ôcommands“â\listoffigures“áand›^õâ\listoftables“áproMÞduce“a“list“of“ gures˜and“a“listަ‘Gof–itables.‘%ÞTheir›iinformation“is“stored“in“ 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gures,‘ã-and˜the“list˜of“tables,‘ã-ha•²!v“e˜four‘×parts.ަ‘GFirst–%Šis›%‹an“inden²!t.‘[JNext“is“a˜bMÞoš²!x“in˜to“whic˜h“sectioning‘%‹n˜um˜bMÞers“are“placed,‘ESand‘%‹then“theަ‘Gthird–µbMÞo²!x›´holds“the“title˜text,‘4 suc²!h˜as“`âFirst‘¦fsectioná'.‘1ÉFinally“there˜is“a“bMÞo²!x˜up“againstަ‘Gthe›’ýrigh²!t–’þmargin,‘–ßinside“of˜whic²!h“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜puts“the˜page“n•²!um“b•MÞer˜b“o•²!x.‘×eF‘ÿeor‘’þthe˜inden“t‘’þand˜theަ‘Gwidth–løof“the“n•²!um“b•MÞer›lùb“o²!x,‘xtsee–løSection“25.1.1˜[â\á@dottedtoMÞcline],‘xtpage“237.‘ʹThe“righ²!t“marginަ‘GbMÞoš²!x–ùÈhas“width“â\@tocrmarg‘ùÇáand“the“page“n˜um˜bMÞer“is“ ush“righ˜t‘ùÇin“that“space,‘ inside“a“bMÞo˜xަ‘Gof›rwidth–qâ\@pnumwidthá.‘ By“default˜â\@tocrmarg“áis˜â2.55em“áand˜â\@pnumwidth“áis˜â1.55emá.ަ‘GChange–¦fthese“as“with“â\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}á.Ž¡‘!GCT‘ÿeAN‘/Àhas‘/äman•²!y›/ãpac“k‘ÿdDages˜for–/äthe˜table“of˜con•²!ten“ts˜and–/älists˜of“ gures˜and“tables˜(seeަ‘GSection–öã2.8›öâ[CT‘ÿeAN],“page“8).‘£\The˜pac²!k‘ÿdDage“âtocloft“áis˜con•²!v“enien“t–öãfor“adjusting˜some“aspMÞectsަ‘Gof–ò[the›ò\default“suc²!h˜as“spacing.‘Á½And,‘Yâtocbibbind“áwill˜automatically“add˜the“bibliograph²!y‘ÿe,ަ‘Gindex,–¦fetc.‘ÝÝto“the“table“of“con•²!ten“ts.Ž¡‘!GT‘ÿeo–‹Êc²!hange›‹Éthe“header˜for“the˜table“of˜con•²!ten“ts–‹Êpage,‘‘do˜something“lik²!e˜these“commandsަ‘GbMÞefore–¦fy²!ou“call“â\tableofcontentsá,“etc.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table–¿ªof“Contents}ŽŽŒ‹í \šŸò‘GáChapter›¦f25:‘ÝÝF‘ÿeron•²!t/bac“k˜matter’ c•237ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}ޤ 33‘.ùœ\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications}Ž©±Ú‘I÷áIn•²!ternationalization›œXpac“k‘ÿdDages˜suc“h˜as˜âbabel˜áor˜âpolyglossia˜áwill˜c“hange˜these˜headersŽ¡‘GdepMÞending–¦fon“the“c²!hosen“base“language.ŽŸýO‘Gëm25.1.1‘d(ëp\@dottedtoclineŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ŽŸ±Û‘.ùœâ\@dottedtocline{èsection-level-numâ}{èindentâ}{ènumwidthâ}{ètextâ}{èpagenumberâ}ަ‘!GáUsed›—­in•²!ternally‘—®b“y˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜to˜format‘—®an˜en“try˜line˜in‘—®the˜table˜of˜con“ten“ts,‘šŸlist‘—®of˜ gures,Ž¡‘Gor–¦flist“of“tables.‘ÝÝAuthors“do“not“directly“en²!ter“â\@dottedtocline“ácommands.ŽŸ±Û‘!GThis–Ý!command“is‘Ý tš²!ypically“used“b˜y“â\l@sectioná,–*Ïâ\l@subsectioná,“etc.,‘*Îto–Ý!format“theŽ¡‘Gcon•²!ten“t–¦flines.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“example,“the“âarticle.cls“á le“con²!tains“these“de 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ìkBy“default“it“is“4.5“(it“is“inŽ¡‘Gmath–÷Èunits,›Ìak‘ÿdDa.“âmuá,˜whic²!h“are“â1/18›÷Çáem.‘ÒChange“it˜using“â\renewcommandá,‘Ìas“inŽ¡‘Gâ\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}á.ŽŸ±Û‘!GIn–‰the“standard“âbook“áclass,‘ŽãLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞes“not“use“dotted“leaders“for“the“P²!art“and“ChapterŽ¡‘Gtable–Üen²!tries,‘ékand“in“the“standard›Üâarticle“áclass“it“doMÞes˜not“use“dotted“leaders˜for“SectionŽ¡‘Gen²!tries.ŽŸýO‘Gëm25.1.2‘d(ëp\addcontentslineŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\addcontentsline{èextâ}{èunitâ}{ètextâ}ޤ±Û‘!GáAdd–¦fan“en²!try“to“the“auxiliary“ le“with“extension“åextá.ަ‘!GThe–¦ffolloš²!wing“will“result“in“an“`âAppendicesá'“line“in“the“table“of“con˜ten˜ts.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}ަ‘GáIt–oçwill“appMÞear“at“the“same“indenš²!tation“lev˜el“as“the‘oæsections,‘¢Gwill“bšMÞe“in“b˜oldface,‘¢Gand“willޤ 33‘GbMÞe–{assigned›{‘the“page˜n•²!um“b•MÞer‘{asso“ciated˜with‘{the˜p“oin²!t–{where˜the“command˜appMÞears“in˜theŽ¡‘Ginput‘¦f 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33‘Ga›~4b•MÞo“ok–~3whose˜st²!yle˜is“to˜ha•²!v“e˜an‘~3unn“um“bMÞered˜preface‘~3ma“y˜use˜the‘~3starred˜â\chapter*á.‘ÐwButŽ¡‘Gthat›˜Ìcommand‘˜Ëlea•²!v“es˜out–˜Ëtable˜of“con•²!ten“ts˜information,‘›„whic“h–˜Ëcan˜bMÞe“en•²!tered˜man“ually‘ÿe,‘›„asŽ¡‘Ghere.Ž©*ù‘.ùœâ\chapter*{Preface}Ž¡‘.ùœ\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface}ŽŸ*ø‘GáIn–ûmthe›ûlèroot-nameâ.toc“á le˜LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will˜put“the˜line“â\contentsline‘¦f{chapter}{\numberlineŽ¡‘G{}Preface}{3}á;‘4qnote–that“the›page“n•²!um“bMÞer–`â3á'“is“automatically“generated˜b²!y“the“system,Ž¡‘Gnot–¦fenš²!tered“man˜ually‘ÿe.ަ‘!GAll–¦fof“the“argumen²!ts“for“â\addcontentsline“áare“required.Ž©"¿‘Gåext‘*éyáTš²!ypically––{one“of“the‘–|strings“âtoc“áfor“the“table“of“con˜ten˜ts,‘Ò€âlof‘–|áfor“the“list“ofŽ¡‘Kâ: gures,‘ªYor–©âlot›©Žáfor“the“list“of˜tables.‘çWThe“ lename“extension“of˜the“informationŽ¡‘Kâ: 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leŽ¡‘GbMÞeing‘¦fincluded.Ž©*ø‘!GIf–¦fyš²!ou“use“a“åunit‘ãfáthat“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“doMÞes“not“recognize,“as“with“the“t˜ypMÞo“hereޤ*ù‘.ùœâ\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}Ž¡‘Gáthen–V±y²!ou›V²don't“get˜an“error“but˜the“formatting˜in“the˜table“of“con•²!ten“ts˜will‘V±not˜mak“e‘V±sense.ŽŸï‹‘Gëm25.1.3‘d(ëp\addtocontentsŽŽŸ³3‘GáSynopsis:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\addtocontents{èextâ}{ètextâ}Ž¡‘!GáAdd–7Íåtextá,‘Mëwhicš²!h“ma˜y“bMÞe›7Ìtext“or“formatting“commands,‘Mëdirectly“to“the˜auxiliary“ le“withޤ 33‘Gextension–æñåextá.‘ž This“is“most“commonly›æðused“for“the“table˜of“con•²!ten“ts–æñso“that˜is“the“discussionŽ¡‘Ghere,–¦fbut“it“also“applies“to“the“list“of“ 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c•247ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\usepackage{glossaries}‘¿ª\makeglossariesޤ 33‘.ùœ\newglossaryentry{tm}{%Ž¡‘:xðname={Turing‘¿ªmachine},Ž¡‘:xðdescription={A–¿ªmodel“of“a“machine“that“computes.‘ TThe“model“is“simpleŽ¡’…4’but–¿ªcan“compute“anything“any“existing“device“can“compute.Ž¡’…4’It–¿ªis“the“standard“model“used“in“Computer“Science.},Ž¡‘:xð}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{document}Ž¡‘.ùœEverything–¿ªbegins“with“the“definition“of“a“\gls{tm}.Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\printglossariesŽ¡‘.ùœ\end{document}Ž©ô^‘GáThat›öhgiv•²!es‘öit“w“o˜things.‘£3In˜the–öimain˜text˜it“outputs˜`â...–¦fdefinition“of“a“Turing“machineá'.Ž¡‘GIn–WQaddition,‘g"in“a›WRseparate“sectional“unit“headed“`âGlossaryá'“there˜appMÞears“a“description“list.Ž¡‘GIn–~qbMÞoldface›~rit“sa²!ys“`âTuring‘¦fmachineá'“and˜the“rest“of“the˜item“sa²!ys“in“normal˜t²!ypMÞe“`âA‘¦fmodelŽ¡‘Gof–¦fa“machine“...Ž‘‹ËComputer“Scienceá'.ŽŸô]‘!GThe–­¢command“â\makeglossary“áopMÞens“the“ le‘­£that“will“conš²!tain“the“en˜try“information,Ž¡‘Gèroot-fileâ.gloá.‘)ÜPut–jfthe›jeâ\printglossaries“ácommand“where˜yš²!ou“w˜an˜t“the‘jeglossaries“toŽ¡‘GappšMÞear–¦fin“y²!our“do˜cumen²!t.ަ‘!GThe–Ä 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ûfor–;«a“doMÞcumenš²!t“that“con˜tains“âletter“áen˜vironmen˜ts.‘­If“y˜ou“just“putަ‘Gâ\makelabels–Hóáin›Hôthe“pream²!ble˜then“at˜the“end˜of“the“doMÞcumen•²!t˜y“ou–Hówill˜get“a˜sheet“withަ‘GlabMÞels–#for“all“the‘"recipienš²!ts,‘Rone“for“eac˜h“letter“en˜vironmen˜t,‘Rthat“y˜ou“can‘"cop˜y“to“a“sheetަ‘Gof–¦fpšMÞeel-o “address“lab˜els.Ž¡‘!GCustomize–yÈthe“labMÞels“b²!y“rede ning“the“commands“â\startlabelsá,–nŸâ\mlabelá,“andަ‘Gâ\returnaddress–¬Fá(and›¬GpMÞerhaps“â\nameá)“in˜the“pream²!ble.‘ï~The“command˜â\startlabels“ásetsަ‘Gthe›îèwidth,‘heigh•²!t,‘ n“um“bMÞer˜of˜columns,–etc.,“of˜the˜page˜on•²!to˜whic“h˜the˜labMÞels˜are˜prin“ted.ަ‘GThe›ì>command‘ì=â\mlabel{èreturn–¦faddressâ}{èrecipient“addressâ}˜áproMÞduces˜the‘ì=t•²!w“o˜labMÞelsަ‘G(or–ù‡one,‘Nif“y•²!ou›ù†c“hoMÞose–ù‡to˜ignore“the˜åreturn“addresss‚á)˜for“eac²!h˜letter“en•²!vironmen“t.‘×>The‘ù‡ rstަ‘Gargumenš²!t,‘Xeåreturn–Îfaddressá,‘Xdis“the“v‘ÿdDalue“returned‘Îeb˜y“the“macro“â\returnaddressá.‘ UÜTheަ‘Gsecond›xargumen•²!t,‘i½årecipien“t˜addressá,‘i¼is–ythe˜v‘ÿdDalue˜passed˜in“the˜argumen²!t˜to“the˜âletterަ‘Gáen•²!vironmen“t.‘¡~By–<ñdefault“â\mlabel“áignores‘<ðthe“ rst“argumen²!t,‘b”the“åreturn“addressá,‘b“causingަ‘Gthe–¦fdefault“bšMÞeha²!vior“describ˜ed“in“the“prior“paragraph.Ž¡‘!GThis–—,illustrates“customization.‘ØÉIts“output“includes›—+a“page“with“t•²!w“o˜columns›—,ha“ving˜t“w“oަ‘GlabMÞels‘¦feac²!h.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\documentclass{letter}ަ‘.ùœ\renewcommand*{\returnaddress}{Fred–¿ªMcGuilicuddy“\\ަ’á/2Oshkosh,–¿ªMineola“12305}ަ‘.ùœ\newcommand*\originalMlabel{}ŽŽŒ‹üšŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f26:‘ÝÝLetters’Bh252ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘.ùœâ\let\originalMlabel\mlabelޤ 33‘.ùœ\def\mlabel#1#2{\originalMlabel{}{#1}\originalMlabel{}{#2}}Ž¡‘.ùœ\makelabelsŽ¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{document}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{letter}{A–¿ªEinstein“\\Ž¡’…4’112–¿ªMercer“Street“\\Ž¡’…4’Princeton,–¿ªNew“Jersey,“USA“08540}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{letter}Ž¡‘.ùœ\begin{letter}{K–¿ªG\"odel“\\Ž¡’…4’145–¿ªLinden“Lane“\\Ž¡’…4’Princeton,–¿ªNew“Jersey,“USA“08540}Ž¡‘:xð...Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{letter}Ž¡‘.ùœ\end{document}ŽŸ¹a‘GáThe–Òã rst“column›Òäcon²!tains“the“return“address˜t²!wice.‘—\The“second“column˜con²!tains“the“addressŽ¡‘Gfor–¦feacš²!h“recipien˜t.Ž©¹b‘!GThe– ?pacš²!k‘ÿdDage“âenvlab“ámak˜es“formatting‘ >the“labMÞels“easier,‘(­with“standard“sizes“already“pro-Ž¡‘Gvided.‘yÜThe–/»pream²!ble‘/ºlines“â\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}“áand“â\makelabelsŽ¡‘Gáare–¦fall“that“yš²!ou“need“to“prin˜t“en˜v˜elopMÞes.ŽŸ ÉE‘Gëc26.7‘™ëg\nameŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\name{ènameâ}ŽŸ¹a‘!GáOptional.‘äûSender's–¨Æname,‘é\used“for›¨Åprin²!ting“on˜the˜en•²!v“elopMÞe–¨Ætogether˜with“the˜returnŽ¡‘Gaddress.ŽŸ ÉE‘Gëc26.8‘™ëg\openingŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\opening{èsalutationâ}Ž©¹a‘!GáRequired.–ðF‘ÿeollo²!ws‘the›â\begin{letter}{...}á.“The˜argumen²!t‘åsalutation˜áis˜mandatory‘ÿe.Ž¡‘GF‘ÿeor‘¦finstance:ަ‘.ùœâ\opening{Dear‘¿ªJohn:}ŽŸ ÉF‘Gëc26.9‘™ëg\psŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ަ‘.ùœâ\ps{ètextâ}ŽŸ¹b‘!GáAdd–¦fa“pMÞostscript.‘ÝÝThis“command“is“optional“and“usually“is“used“after“â\closingá.ަ‘.ùœâ\ps{P.S.–¿ªAfter“you“have“read“this“letter,“burn“it.“Or“eat“it.}ŽŽŒ‹ý$:Ÿò‘GáChapter‘¦f26:‘ÝÝLetters’Bh253ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gëc26.10‘™ëg\signatureŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ޤ33‘.ùœâ\signature{èfirst–¿ªline“â\\Ž© 33‘sõ”...‘¿ª}Ž¡‘!GáThe–¦fsender's“name.‘ÝÝThis“command“is“optional,“although“its“inclusion“is“usual.Ž¡‘!GThe–Îargumen²!t›Ítext“appMÞears“at˜the“end“of˜the“letter,‘hçafter“the˜closing.‘ LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“lea•²!v“esަ‘Gsome– v²!ertical› space“for˜a“handwritten˜signature.‘ »Separate“m²!ultiple˜lines“with˜a“doubleަ‘Gbac²!kslash,–¦fâ\\á.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“example:Ž¡‘.ùœâ\signature{J–¿ªFred“Muggs“\\ަ‘n5êWhite‘¿ªHouse}Ž¡‘!GáLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X's–ä2default›ä1for“the˜v²!ertical“space˜from“the˜â\closing“átext˜do²!wn“to˜the“â\signatureަ‘Gátext–S«is“â6\medskipamountá,‘~üwhic²!h“is‘Sªsix“times“â\medskipamount“á(where“â\medskipamount“áisަ‘Gequal–¦fto“a“â\parskipá,“whicš²!h“in“turn“is“de 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le“and“later“read“it“bac˜k‘#in“to“build“doMÞcumen˜t“com-ޤ 33‘GpMÞonen•²!ts›ÊÞsuc“h–Êßas˜a˜table“of˜con•²!ten“ts˜or–Êßindex.‘KEY‘ÿeou“can˜also˜read“a˜ le˜that“other˜programsŽ¡‘Gwritten,‘«or–vñwrite›vða“ le˜for“others“to˜read.‘O}Y‘ÿeou“can˜comm²!unicate“with“users˜through“theŽ¡‘Gterminal.‘ÝÝAnd,–¦fy²!ou“can“issue“instructions“for“the“opMÞerating“system.ŽŸ‘Gëc27.1‘™ëg\openin–f@ëc&“ëg\openoutŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:ޤµÃ‘.ùœâ\openin‘¿ªènumberâ=èfilenameŽ¡‘!Gáor:ŽŸµÂ‘.ùœâ\openout‘¿ªènumberâ=èfilenameŽ¡‘!GáOpMÞen–ya›yŽ le“for˜reading“material,‘‚†or“for“writing˜it.‘ÎëIn˜most“engines,‘‚†the“ån•²!um“bšMÞer‘B·ám“ust‘yb˜eŽ© 33‘GbšMÞet•²!w“een–¦f0“and“15,“as“in“â\openin3á;“in“LuaLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X,“ån•²!um“b˜er‘oácan–¦fb˜e“b˜et•²!w“een–¦f0“and“127.Ž¡‘!GHere–¦fT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“opMÞens“the“ le“âpresidents.tex“áfor“reading.Ž¡‘.ùœâ\newread\presidentsfileަ‘.ùœ\openin\presidentsfile=presidentsަ‘.ùœ\typeout{presidentsfile–¿ªis“\the\presidentsfile}ަ‘.ùœ\read\presidentsfile‘¿ªto\presidentlineަ‘.ùœ\typeout{\presidentline}ŽŸµÂ‘GáThe–X;â\newread“ácommand“allošMÞcates“input“stream“n•²!um“b˜ers–X;from‘X:0“to“15“(there“is“also“aަ‘Gâ\newwriteá).‘”The–Éâ\presidentsfile“áis“more“memorable“but“under“the“ho•MÞo“d–Éit“is“still“a“n²!um-ަ‘GbMÞer;‘ZWthe–4N rst“â\typeout›4Oágiv²!es“something˜lik²!e“`âpresidentsfile–¦fis“1á'.‘·ÖIn‘4Naddition,‘K â\newreadަ‘Gák•²!eeps›'¾trac“k–'½of˜the˜alloMÞcation˜so“that˜if˜y²!ou˜use“toMÞo˜man²!y˜then“y²!ou˜get˜an˜error“lik²!e˜`â!‘¦fNoަ‘Groom–¦ffor“a“new“\readá'.‘ÔÈThe–‹'second›‹&â\typeout“ágiv²!es“the“ rst˜line“of“the˜ le,‘šsomething“lik²!eަ‘G`â1–¦fWashington,“Georgeá'.Ž¡‘!GOrdinarily–XT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›Xwill“not˜try“to“opMÞen˜the“ le˜un²!til“the“next˜page“shipMÞout.‘ÃÅT‘ÿeo˜c²!hange“this,ަ‘Guse–¦fâ\immediate\openin“ènumberâ=èfilename“áor“â\immediate\openout“ènumberâ=èfilenameá.Ž¡‘!GClose–¦f les“with“â\closein“ènumber“áand“â\closeout“ènumberá.Ž¡‘!GHoš²!w–`ÅLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“handles“ lenames“v‘ÿdDaries“among“distributions,‘Ï\and“ev˜en“can“v‘ÿdDary“amongަ‘Gvš²!ersions–¥sof“a“distribution.‘ÝŒIf“the“ le“doMÞes“not“ha˜v˜e“an“extension“then“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“will“add“a“â.texá.ަ‘GThis–¦fcreates“âpresidents.texá,“writes“one“line“to“it,“and“closes“it.ŽŸµÂ‘.ùœâ\newwrite\presidentsfileަ‘.ùœ\openout\presidentsfile=presidentsަ‘.ùœ\write\presidentsfile{1–¿ªWashington,“George}ަ‘.ùœ\closeout\presidentsfileŽ¡‘GáBut–… lenames›„with“a“p•MÞerio“d˜can–…cause“trouble:‘Ñlif“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜ nds“a“å lename‘*‹áof“âpresidents.datަ‘Gáit–4could“loMÞok›4 rst“for“âpresidents.dat.tex“áand˜later“for“âpresidents.datá,‘Wzor˜it“could“doަ‘Gthe–ãAoppšMÞosite.‘œÑY‘ÿeour“distribution's“do˜cumenš²!tation‘ãBshould“sa˜y“more,‘ Hand‘ãBif“y˜ou“ nd“somethingަ‘Gthat–¶4wš²!orks“for‘¶5y˜ou“then“y˜ou“are›¶5go•MÞo“d,‘º'but–¶4to˜ensure“complete“pMÞortabilit²!y“the˜bMÞest“thing“isަ‘Gto–Óruse“ le‘Ósnames“conš²!taining“only“the“t˜w˜en˜t˜y“six›ÓsASCIMÞI‘Ófletters“(not˜case-sensitiv²!e)“and“theަ‘Gten–¦fdigits,“along“with“underscore“and“dash,“and“in“particular“with“no“dot“or“space.Ž¡‘!GF‘ÿeor– ~â\openiná,‘'Dif“T‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X“cannot“ nd“the“ le“then“it“doMÞes‘ not“giv²!e“an“error.‘%It“just“consid-ަ‘Gers–d•that“the“stream“is“not“opMÞen‘d”(test“for“this“with“â\ifeofá;‘ìone“recourse“is“the“commandŽŽŒ‹ÿ2WŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f27:‘ÝÝInput/output’#‹'255ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘Gâ\InputIfFileExistsá,›älsee–ØSection“12.14“[Class‘Øand“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“commands],˜page“126).‘r¹If“y²!ouޤ 33‘Gtry–ýäto›ýãuse“the“same˜n•²!um“bMÞer›ýät“wice,‘SÂLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜w“on't˜giv“e‘ýãy“ou˜an˜error.‘äVIf‘ýãy“ou˜try˜to‘ýãuse˜aŽ¡‘Gbad›ãn•²!um“bMÞer˜then‘äy“ou˜get˜an˜error‘ämessage˜lik“e˜`â!–¦fBad“number“(16).“Ž¡‘G=–¦fl.30“\openin16=test.jhá'.ŽŸj«‘Gëc27.2‘™ëg\readŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis:Ž©$û‘.ùœâ\read–¿ªènumber“âtoèmacroŽŸ$ú‘!GáMakš²!e–„the‘…command“åmacro‘ŽTácon˜tain“the›…next“line“of“input˜from“text“stream“ån•²!um“bMÞerá,‘LasŽ¡‘Gin–¦fâ\read5“to\dataá.ަ‘!GThis–‹–opMÞens“the“ le“âemail.tex“áfor“reading,‘Äáputs“the“con•²!ten“ts–‹–of“the“ rst“line“in²!to“theŽ¡‘Gcommand–¦fâ\emailá,“and“then“closes“the“ le.ŽŸ$ú‘.ùœâ\newread\recipientfileŽ¡‘.ùœ\openin\recipientfile=emailŽ¡‘.ùœ\read\recipientfile‘¿ªto\emailŽ¡‘.ùœ\typeout{Email–¿ªaddress:“\email}Ž¡‘.ùœ\closein\recipientfileަ‘!GáIf›h¢ån•²!um“bMÞer‘1Êáis˜outside–h¡the˜range“from˜0“to˜15“or˜if˜no“ le˜of“that˜n•²!um“b•MÞer‘h¡is˜op“en,‘tüor‘h¡if˜theŽ¡‘G le–TWhas“ended,‘Òthen“â\read“áwill›TVtak²!e“input“from“the˜terminal“(or“exit“if˜in²!teraction“is“notŽ¡‘Gallo•²!w“ed,‘HKe.g.,‘HJâ\nonstopmodeá;‘Wûsee›0Ä[in“teraction˜moMÞdes],‘HJpage˜261).‘¶§(Ho“w“ev“er,‘HKthe˜natural˜w“a“yŽ¡‘Gin–…hLŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X›…ito“tak²!e˜input“from“the˜terminal“is˜â\typein“á(see“Section˜27.3“[â\át²!ypMÞein],‘Œpage“255.)ŽŸ$ú‘!GT‘ÿeo–ªÙread›ªÚan“en²!tire˜ le“as˜additional“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜source,‘«öuse“â\input˜á(see“Section˜24.3“[â\áinput],Ž¡‘Gpage–¦f234)“or“â\include“á(see“Section“24.2“[â\áinclude“&“â\áincludeonly],“page“232).ަ‘!GA›¤common–Àreason“to“w•²!an“t‘¿to–Àread“from“a“data“ le“is“to“do“mail“merges.‘%êCT‘ÿeAN˜has“aŽ¡‘Gn•²!um“bMÞer–¦fof“pac²!k‘ÿdDages“for“that;“one“is“âdatatoolá.ŽŸj«‘Gëc27.3‘™ëg\typeinŽŽŸ33‘GáSynopsis,–¦fone“of:ަ‘.ùœâ\typein{èprompt-msgâ}Ž¡‘.ùœ\typein[ècmdâ]{èprompt-msgâ}ŽŸ$ú‘!GáPrin²!t–è»åprompt-msg‘ØÒáon“the›èºterminal“and˜cause“LŸýûó‘üÙ­AŽŽ‘ÈGáT‘þ,³Ÿ[wEŽ‘B X˜to“stop˜and“w²!ait˜for“y²!ou˜to“t²!ypMÞe˜aŽ¡‘Gline–¦fof“input.‘ÝÝThis“line“of“input“ends“when“yš²!ou“hit“the“return“k˜ey‘ÿe.ަ‘!GF‘ÿeor–¦fexample,“thisޤ$ú‘.ùœâAs–¿ªlong“as“I“live“I“shall“never“forget“\typein{Enter“student“name:}ަ‘Gácoupled–¦fwith“this“command“line“in²!teractionŽ¡‘.ùœâEnter–¿ªstudent“name:ŽŸff‘.ùœ\@typein=Aphra‘¿ªBehnަ‘Gágiv²!es–¦fthe“output“`â...“never“forget“Aphra“Behná'.Ž¡‘!GThe–€X rst“command‘€Wvš²!ersion,–¶Ôâ\typein{èprompt-msgâ}á,“causes–€Xthe“input“y˜ou‘€Wt˜ypšMÞed“to“b˜eŽŸ 33‘GprošMÞcessed–¦fas“if“it“had“b˜een“included“in“the“input“ le“in“place“of“the“â\typein“ácommand.ŽŽŒ‹@ÇŸò‘GáChapter‘¦f27:‘ÝÝInput/output’#‹'256ŽŽŽ ƒ33 ý ÌÍ‘!GIn–ûthe›úsecond“command˜v²!ersion“the“optional˜argumenš²!t“ècmd“áargumen˜t‘úm˜ust“bMÞe‘úa“commandޤ 33‘Gname,–?that› }is,“it˜m•²!ust˜bMÞegin˜with˜a‘ ~bac“kslash,‘?â\á.‘L#This˜command˜name˜is‘ ~then˜de ned˜orŽ¡‘Grede 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